Future continuous & future perfect & future perfect continuous

The future continuous is used: for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time. E.g. This time next time, I’ll be skiing in Austria. for an action which will definitely happen in the future as a result of a routine or arrangement. E.g. Shall I inform the rest of the team? – No, I’ll do it. I’ll seeing them at the meeting tonight. when we ask politely about somebody’s plans for the near future (What we want to know is if our wishes fit in with their plans). E.g. Will you be going out late? – Yes. Why? – Could you get me a sandwich, please?

The future perfect is used: for an action which will be finished before a stated future time. E.g. They will have finished their meeting by four o’clock this afternoon. The future perfect is used in sentences with the following time expressions: by, by the time, before, until, by then, etc.

The future perfect continuous is used: to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. E.g. By the time Rick retires, he will have been working for the same company for thirty years. The future perfect continuous is used with: by … for

Note: We can use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make prediction about present or past, that is to say what we believe may be happening or have happened.

e.g. a) ‘There’s somebody on the phone for you.’ – ‘That’ll be my mother.’

b) Don’t call her now – she’ll be sleeping

c) It’s seven o’clock. Dad will have left the office by now.

1. Put the verb into the correct form using will or be going to .

1. A: I’ve got a terrible headache. B: Have you? Wait there and I …. (get) an aspirin for you. 2. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water? B: I … (wash) the car. 3. A: I’ve decided to repaint this room. B: Oh, have you? What colour …. (you / paint) it? 4. Look! There’s smoke coming out of that house. It’s on fire! – B: Good heavens! I … (call) the fire brigade immediately. 5. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it? - B: No, it looks as if it …. (fall) down. 6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping? – B: Yes, I …. (buy) something for dinner. 7. A: I can’t work out how to use this camera. – B: It’s quite easy. I …. (show) you. 8. A: What would you like to drink – tea or coffee? – B: I … (have) tea, please. 9. A: Has George decided on what to do when he leaves school? – B: Oh, yes, everything is planned. He …. (start) a computer programming course. 10. A: Did you post that letter for me? – B: Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot, I …. (do) it now. 11. A: What shall we have for dinner? - B: I don’t know. I haven’t made up my mind. – A: Come on, hurry up! Make a decision! – B: Okay then. We …. (have) chicken. 12. A: We need some bread for lunch. B: Oh, do we? I …. (go) to the shop and get some. I feel like walking. (Before he goes out, he says :) I ….. (get) some bread. Do you want anything from the shop? A: Yes, I need some envelopes. B: Okay, I …. (get) you some.

2. Replace the words in bold with will / won’t or shall I / we.

1. I’ve asked Paul to talk to the landlord, but he refuses to do it. 2. Do you want me to make a reservation? 3. Can you call Berry for me, please? 4. Why don’t we try this new dish? 5. Where do you want me to put these flowers? 6. Can you buy me some milk, please? 7. What do you want me to do with this shopping? 8. Why don’t we go to theatre today? 9. I’ve asked Jane to tidy her room, but she refuses to do it. 10. Can you open the door for me, please? 11. When do you want me to visit you? 12. Please be quiet! 13. Do you want me to walk the dog for you? 14. Ann is unwilling to talk to me. 15. I’ve told her to do it, but she refuses to listen. 16. Why don’t we go out for dinner tonight?

3. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

A: 1. When I _______ (see) him tomorrow, I _______ (invite) him to the party. 2. Before you ______ (leave), don’t forget to shut the window. 3. I ______ (phone) you as soon as I _______ (arrive) in London. 4. Please don’t touch anything before the police ________ (come). 5. Everyone _______ (be surprised) if he ______ (pass) the examination. 6. When you ________. (see) Brian again, you ______ (not / recognize) him. 7. We ________ (not / start) dinner until Jack _______ (arrive). 8. _______ (you / be) lonely without me while I ______ (be) away? 9. Come on, hurry up! Ann _______ (be) annoyed if we ________ (be) late. 10. I _____ (send) you a postcard when I ______ (be) on holiday. 11. When the rain _______ (stop), we ______ (go) out.

B: 1. When I ________ (get) home, I ________ (ring) you up. 2. I want to see Julia before she ______ (go) out. 3. We’re going on holiday tomorrow, I _________ (tell) you all about it when we ________ (come) back. 4. Our town has changed a lot now. When you _________ (come) there, you ___________ (not/recognize) it. 5. We must do something soon before it ___________ (be) too late. 6. I don’t want to go out without you. I __________ (wait) until you ________ (be) ready.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect or the future continuous.

1. Don’t phone between 7 and 8. We ______________ (have) dinner then. 2. Phone after 8 o’clock. We _____________ (finish) dinner by then. 3. Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30. So at 4 o’clock, we ____________ (play) tennis. 4. A: Can we meet tomorrow? B: Yes, but not in the afternoon. I ____________ (work). 5. Tom has to go to a meeting which begins at 10 o’clock. It will last about an hour. His friends asks: Will you be free at 11.30? Tom answers: Yes. The meeting _____________(end) by then. 6. Ben is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like that, he _____________ (spend) all his money before the end of the holiday. 7. Do you think you ____________ (still/do) the same job in ten years time? 8. Liz is from New Zealand. She is travelling round the world at the moment. So far she has travelled about 1,000 miles. By the end of the trip, she ____________(travel) more than 3,000 miles. 9. If you need to contact me, I _______________ (stay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday. 10. A: __________________ (you/see) Laura tomorrow? B: Yes, probably. Why? A: I borrowed this CD from her. Can you give it back to her.

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect or the future perfect continuous.

1. By 3 o’clock she _______________ (study) for six hours. 2. By the end of next month, Sam ____________ (finish) the project. 3. He _____________ (not/start) painting the kitchen before Tuesday. 4. By the time she arrives in Paris, she ____________ (travel) for four hours. 5. I hope I _____________ (buy) my own house by the time I’m thirty-five. 6. By Saturday, Liza _______________ (diet) for two weeks. 7. Hopefully, they ________________ (learn) everything by the time they sit the exam. 8. By 4 o’clock, I ______________ (sit) in the hairdresser’s for three hours. 9. By Christmas, I _________________ (work) for this company for eighteen months. 10. By next weekend, Brian _____________ (move) house. 11. Hopefully, the builders ___________ (finish) building the house by next month. 12. By Tuesday, Alan _______________ (sail) four twelve days. 13. By tomorrow morning, she _____________ (sleep) for twelve hours.

6. Choose the correct answer.

1. ‘What are you thinking about?’ ‘This time next week I … on the beach.’

a) will have sunbathed; b) will be sunbathing; c) will have been sunbathing;

2. ‘Have you finished decorating your flat yet?’ ‘No, but I … by Friday.’

a) will be finishing; b) will have been finishing; c) will have finished;

3. ‘Have you just moved here?’ ‘No. I … here for two years next month.’

a) will be living; b) will have been living; c) have lived;

4. ‘… to the supermarket today?’ ‘Yes. Do you want me to get you something?’

a) Will you have gone; b) Will you have been going; c) Will you be going;

5. ‘Can you give Steve a message for me?’ ‘Certainly I … him at work, later on today.’

a) will be seeing; b) will have seen; c) will have been seeing;

6. ‘You’ve been working hard all day.’ ‘Yes. At 3 o’clock, I … for six hours.’

a) will be studying; b) will have been studying; c) will have studied

7. ‘Sarah has gone to the cinema to see that film again.’ ‘ I know. After this time, she … it five times.’

a) will have seen; b) will have been seeing; c) will be seeing;

8. ‘John has an exam tomorrow, doesn’t he.’ Yes. In fact, at this time tomorrow, he … the exam.’

a) will have been sitting; b) will be sitting; c) has sat;

9. ‘Are you typing another report?’ ‘Yes. By the time I finish this one, I … twenty-three reports today.’

a) will have been typing; b) will have typed; c) will be typing;

10. ‘Those two people have been dancing all evening.’ ‘Yes. By 11 o’clock, they …. for four hours.’

a) will have been dancing; b) will have danced; c) will be dancing

7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. My grandmother is very old. She _________ (be) ninety next month. 2. I’m afraid I _________ (fail) my exams this year. 3. This time next week they ___________ (relax) on the sea beach. 4. The team ____________ (leave) the office by 9 o’clock tomorrow. 5. By 10 o’clock, Sue ___________ (drive) for twelve hours. 6. Jenny __________ (see) Paul at work, so she can give him the letter. 7. The film ____________ (start) by the time they get to the cinema. 8. Tom expects he _____________ (get) a pay rise soon. 9. By 6 o’clock, the secretary _______________ (type) for three hours. 10. I hope I ____________ (buy) my own car by the time I’m thirty. 11. By the end of next week, they ____________(live) in this house for two years. 12. I ____________ (help) you carry your shopping. 13. Martin ___________ (do) the work by Sunday evening. 14. Mother __________ (go) to the supermarket tonight. She has already made a shopping list. 15. This play __________ (start) at 6 o’clock.

8. Revision of the Active Voice. Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences.

1. She sipped her coffee and pulled a face. It … horrible today.

a) taste; b) tastes; c) is tasting; d) was tasting;

2. Like all young men, he … like a log.

a) sleep; b) is sleeping; c) sleeps; d) have slept;

3. If he … me a line to my club, it’ll be forwarded at once.

a) send; b) sends; c) will send; d) will have sent;

4. The important thing to know is when the book … out.

a) come; b) comes; c) will come; d) has come;

5. ‘Oh, hallo!’ she said. ‘Do you want to see me?’ – ‘No, I … for my father.’

a) look; b) looks; c) am looking; d) will look;

6. The great detective has retired from business. He … roses in a little cottage.

a) grow; b) grows; c) is growing; d) was growing;

7. People always … circumstances for what they are.

a) blame; b) blames; c) are blaming; d) is blaming;

8. When I see him, he always … something.

a) is eating; b) eats; c) eat; d) have eaten;

9. He … a meeting with his employees this evening.

a) has; b) have; c) is having; d) had;

10. This year we … only one assistant.

a) took; b) take; c) have taken; d) has taken;

11. I … even coffee yet.

a) didn’t have; b) don’t have; c) haven’t had; d) hasn’t have;

12. I … this young lady all my life.

a) know; b) am knowing; c) had known; d) have known;

13. He …. here for many years now.

a) live; b) has lived; c) have lived; d) had lived;

14. I … ill for two weeks.

a) am; b) has been; c) have been; d) had been;

15. I … to be a lawyer all my life.

a) want; b) has wanted; c) have wanted; d) had wanted;

16. ‘Are you married?’ – ‘No, I’m divorced.’ – ‘How long … / you / married?

a) were; b) have been; c) had been; d) are;

17. ‘Are you married?’- ‘Yes.’ - ‘How long … / you / married?

a) were; b) have been; c) had been; d) are;

18. I’ll take you back in my car but not till I … you some coffee.

a) will make; b) will have made; c) have made; d) had made;

19. You … excuses for him all your life.

a) make; b) made; c) has made; d) have been making;

20. He … since he came home.

a) study; b) has studied; c) is studying; d) has been studying;

21. Last May I … three days in London.

a) spent; b) have been spending; c) have spent; d) had spent;

22. When I returned, she … from room to room.

a) wandered; b) has wandered; c) had wandered; d) was wandering;

23. One evening, just as I 1) … the office, Martin 2) … me.

(1) a) left; b) was leaving; c) has been leaving; d) had been leaving;

(2) a) was ringing up; b) has been ringing up; c) rang up; d) rings up;

24. She was in the dressing gown. She …. evidently just out of bed.

a) got; b) has got; c) gets; d) had got;

25. He was not aware how long he … there.

a) sat; b) was sitting; c) had been sitting; d) has been sitting;

26. The rain … and the air was fresh.

a) had passed; b) has passed; c) was passing; d) passed;

27. She … him a set of keys before they left the firm.

a) gives; b) had given; c) has given; d) was giving;

28. She … / hardly / down when a gentleman flopped into the chair opposite hers.

a) sat; b) has sat; c) had sat; d) sits;

29. She rose from her chair in which she … .

a) sat; b) has been sitting; c) had been sitting; d) is sitting;

30. We … about the weather for a few minutes and then we’ll have dinner.

a) talk; b) talked; c) will talk; d) are talking.

9. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A. Last summer I 1) ___________ (visit) the United states. I 2) _________ (look) forward to the trip for ages, and I 3) __________ (enjoy) myself very much. On the 4^th of July a friend 4) _________ (suggest) we go and watch the fireworks. I 5) _____________ (see) fireworks before, but I 6) ______________ (never/experience) anything like the spectacle before we 7) ___________ (witness) that night.

B. Sarah 1) __________ (leave) school two years before and for the last two years she 2) ___________ (look) for a decent job. She 3) __________ (hope) to find work as a secretary but as she 4) ___________ (never/do) a secretarial course before, I think she 5) _________ (have) some difficulty in finding such a job.

C. A: ‘Where 1) ____________ (you/be) lately? The last time I 2) _______ (see) you 3) ______ (be) two years ago.’ B: ‘I 4) ________ (move) to London 18 months ago – I 5) __________ (work) as a nurse there since then.’ A: ‘Oh really? How 6) ________ (it / go)? B: ‘Great! I 7) _________ (enjoy) it very much at the moment, although at first it 8) ________ (be) very hard.’

D. A: ‘I 1) _________ (have) a party tonight. Would you like to come?’ B: ‘I’d love to but unfortunately I 2) _____________ (already/arrange) to go out for dinner.’ A: ‘What 3) __________ (you/do) tomorrow?’ B: ‘Not much. I think a friend 4) _________ (come) to visit me in the morning, but I 5) _________ (not/have) any plans for later in the day. 6) ___________ (you/fancy) going for a drive?’

E. Peter 1) __________ (drive) to work yesterday when a dog 2) __________ (run) into the middle of the road. Peter 3) _________ (manage) to stop in time but the car which 4) _________ (follow) behind him 5) __________ (crash) into the back of his car. Then the two cars 6) _________ (collide) with a police car which 7) _________ (travel) in the opposite direction.

F. Some thieves 1) __________ (break) into my house yesterday. Apparently, I 2) _________ (leave) the window open. This is the first time anything like this 3) _____________ (happen) to me. The thieves 4) __________ (get) in through the window and 5) __________ (steal) all my jewellery. None of the neighbours 6) _________ (see) anything happen.

G: ‘What 1) _________________ (you/do) tonight?’ B: ‘I 2) ____________ (study) for my exams.’ A: ‘What time 3) ______________ (you/finish) studying?’ B: ‘I 4) __________ (finish) by 8 o’clock, I hope.’ A: ‘Good – let’s go to the cinema then. The film 5) ___________ (start) at 8.30.’

H. A: ‘1) ____________ (you/see) ‘The Cure’ concert last night?’ B: ‘No, but I 2) _________ (see) them before. I 3) __________ (go) to one of their concerts five years ago.’ A: ‘They 4) _________ (improve) since then.’ B: ‘5) __________________ (they/still/make) records?’ A: ‘Oh yes, they 6) ____________ (just / release) a new one.’

I. This time next week I 1) __________ (be) on my honeymoon and I 2) ____________ (forget) all my problems at work. My husband and I 3) ___________ (relax) by the pool and we 4) ____________ (look) forward to spending romantic evenings together.

UNIT 3

From the History of Law

Reading 1: The Birth of Law

Pre-reading task. Read the words. Mind the stress. A):

΄ancestor de΄scend ,compen΄sation

΄pillar e΄ffect ,corres΄pond

΄victim in΄heritance ,Mesopo΄tamian

΄outlaw re΄venge ,codifi΄cation

΄kidnap ob΄serve ,Hammu΄rabi

΄testament legi΄slation ,ari΄stocracy

΄circumstance pre΄side ,Co΄mmandments

B) Complete the word building table.

Noun Verb	Verb Noun
settlement	to descend
inheritance	to codify
injury	to observe
compensation	victim
collection	to accuse
punishment	to kidnap
invention	to reflect
offence	to correspond
compiler	to murder

C)

Noun / verb Person	Noun / verb Person
accuse	prison
offence	to ascend
consume	kidnap
supervise	preside
murder	legislation
to descend	theft
crime	aristocracy

D) Before you read look through the following words and phrases to make sure that you know them. Learn those that you don’t know.

convention e.g. constitutional convention Geneva Conventions	договір; угода; конвенція; конституційна угода; женевська угода;
to descend [di΄send] (from/of) to be descended from smb. We are descended of ancient families.	походити, вести рід від когось; походити від когось Ми походимо від прадавніх родів.
ancestor [´ænsestə] e.g. common ancestor remote ancestor	пращур, предок; загальний предок; віддалений предок;
vague [veig] e.g. vague ideas vague notions I have not the vaguest notion what to do.	нечіткий, неясний; неясні ідеї; невизначені поняття; Я не маю жодного уявлення, що робити.
to be in effect [i´fekt]	діяти, бути чинними;
B.C. / A.D.	до нашої ери; / нашої ери;
to deal [di:l] with (dealt , dealt [delt]) e.g. There are many difficulties to be dealt with when starting a new business. Head Office deals with all complaints.	мати справу з, розглядати; Коли починаєш нову справу, доводиться стикатися з багатьма труднощами. Головна контора розглядає всі скарги.
to codify [´kəudifai]	кодифікувати; систематизувати;
to carve [ka:v]	вирізати, гравірувати; викарбувати;
pillar	стовп;
to cover [´kΛvə] e.g. The reporter covered the convention for the local newspaper.	охоплювати; освітлювати; покривати; Журналіст освітив з‘їзд для місцевої газети.
settlement of debts [det]	виплата боргів;
inheritance [in´heritəns]	спадщина;
tax e.g. free of tax, tax-free income / profits tax to pay taxes	податок; неоподаткований; податок на прибуток; сплачувати податки;
harsh e.g. the harsh reality of life = harsh reality	суворий; сувора дійсність;
cruel [kru:əl] e.g. cruel punishment	жорстокий; суворе покарання;
revenge [ri´vendЗ] e.g. to take (one's) revenge on / upon smb. in revenge	помста; помститися комусь; у помсту;
to observe [əb´zə:v] e.g. to observe laws	дотримуватися; дотримуватися законів;
to correspond (to) This ideal model does not correspond to the facts.	відповідати; узгоджуватись; Цей ідеальний зразок не узгоджується з фактами.
to inflict (upon / on) [in´flikt] to inflict heavy losses on the enemy	наносити, причиняти (біль) комусь; нанести великі втрати ворогу;
victim e.g. to fall a victim to accident victim innocent victim	жертва, потерпілий; стати жертвою; потерпілий від нещасного випадку; невинна жертва;
thief (thieves) [θi:f] e.g. petty thief thieves' Latin	злодій, крадій; дрібний злодій; злодійський жаргон;
false accuser [fo:ls ə´kju:zə]	наклепник;
to strike the blow e.g. to strike a blow against poverty	нанести удар; нанести удар по бідності та злидням;
to outlaw [´autlo:] e.g. to outlaw smoking in public	поставити поза законом; заборонити куріння в громадських місцях;
blood feud [‘blΛd fju:d ] e.g. family feud personal feud stir up a feud sink a feud	кровна помста; родова ворожнеча; сімейна ворожнеча; особиста ворожнеча; розпалювати ворожнечу; забути ворожнечу; помиритися;
to ban / ban e.g. under a ban	забороняти / заборона; під забороною;
to kidnap	викрадати;
to take account of [ə´kaunt]	враховувати;
to award e.g. The judges awarded the prize to her.	присуджувати; нагороджувати; Судді нагородили її призом.
Hebrew [´hi:bru:] e.g. It is Hebrew to me.	єврей, іудей; Це для мене китайська грамота.
Hebraic [hi´breik] e.g. Hebraic laws	староєврейський; староєврейські закони;
Mosaic [məu´zeik] e.g. Mosaic law	Мойсеїв; Мойсеїв закон;
Moses [´məuziz]	Мойсей;
to set out e.g. The committee's plans are set out in the report.	викласти; У доповіді викладені плани комісії.
the Old Testament [´testəmənt]	Старий Завіт;
Ten Commandments [kə´ma:ndmənts]	Десять Заповідей;
desert [´dezət]	пустеля;
to summon [´sΛmən] e.g. to be summoned before a judge	викликати, скликати; бути викликаним у суд;
tablets [´tæblət] e.g. a bronze tablet	дощечка; табличка;
compiler [kəm´pailə]	укладач;
to reflect e.g. The election results do not always reflect back the views of the voters.	відображати; Результати виборів не завжди відображають погляди виборців.
to preside (over) [pri´zaid]	головувати (над);
lawgiver/ legislator [´ledЗisleitə]	законодавець;
magistrate [´mædЗistreit]	(мировий) суддя;
judge [´dЗΛdЗ] e.g. fair, impartial judge harsh, severe judge lenient judge	суддя; неупереджений (об’єктивний) суддя; суворий суддя; поблажливий суддя;
faith [feiθ] e.g. the true faith by faith to practice a faith	віра; віросповідання; істинна віра; за віросповіданням; сповідувати віру

1. Read and translate the text.

Laws and rules – and the customs and conventions – from which they are descended have always been the part of human life ever since our ancestors first began to live in large and settled groups. But our knowledge is vague of laws that were in effect before the invention of writing in about 3500 B.C. The earliest known legal text was written by Ur-Nammu, the king of the Mesopotamian city of Ur, in about 2100 B.C. It dealt largely with compensation for bodily injuries, penalties for witchcraft and runaway slaves.

One of the earliest known collections of codified laws is the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi [,hæmu΄ra:bi] was a king of Babylon from 1728 B.C. to 1686 B.C. So that everyone could know the laws, they were carved into the stone pillars set up in the temple to the Babylonian god Marduk. The laws covered crime, divorce, marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods. Punishments under the code were harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which meant that the punishment had to correspond to those damages and injuries that criminals had inflicted upon their victims. Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And a child who hit his father could lose the hand that struck the blow. The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which a man could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as the offence. So a lower-ranking citizen who lost a civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position – though he would also be awarded less if he won.

Another code of early law is the Code of Hebraic laws, or Mosaic Law of about 1400 B.C. This code is set out in detail in the first five books of the Old Testament, which are called the Torah, meaning ‘law’ or ‘guidance’ These books recount the forty-year-long wandering of Moses and the tribes of Israel from Egypt across the Sinai desert to the Promised Land of Canaan. While in the desert, Moses was summoned to the top of Mount Sinai by God and was given the tablets of Ten Commandments. Like the Babylonians, the Hebrew compilers believed that their laws were based on the will of God. Unlike the commercially-oriented Code of Hammurabi, the Mosaic Law reflects the agrarian community which Moses presided over. As chief lawgiver and magistrate, Moses was both a legislator and a judge in the modern sense. The Ten Commandments still hold a central position today in the teaching of both the Hebrew and the Christian faiths. As well, the Mosaic Law forms an important part of the laws of many countries today.

Note. the Promised Land of Canaan [΄keinən] – земля обітована Ханаанка (стародавня назва Палестини, Сирії та Фінікії)

2. Find the English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text.

частина людського життя; осілі групи; мав справу головним чином з; компенсація за тілесні ушкодження; покарання за чаклунство; біглі раби; карбувати на кам’яному стовпі; стосуватися злочину, розлучення, шлюбу; майнові контракти; податки; дотримуватися принципу помсти; наносити ушкодження та збитки; погрожувати смертною карою; наносити удар; поставити поза законом кровну ворожнечу; головувати; заборонити традицію; до того ж / крім того; обставини правопорушення; Мойсеєві Закони; програти цивільну справу; нижчий за рангом громадянин; Старий Завіт; Десять Заповідей

3. A: Fill in the appropriate word from the list below.