- •Тюменский государственный университет
- •О.Б. Пономарева, е.Ю. Пономарева Английская стилистика a Manual in English Stylistics
- •Stylistics and its Subdivisions
- •Process of reading is decoding
- •Expressive Means (em) and Stylistic Devices (sd)
- •The philological circle (the circle of understanding) – l Spitzer
- •Synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;
- •Seminar 1 General problems of stylistics Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •1.1. Dictionary definitions of style
- •1.2. Style in literary criticism and reviews of books
- •1.3. Raymond Queneau's Exercises in Style
- •Recommended literature:
- •2.1. The phonetic level of stylistic analysis
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Questions and tasks
- •Sound instrumentation
- •Alliteration Assonance Onomatopoeia
- •2.2. Graphic Expressive Means An Outline
- •2.3. Morphological Level of Stylistic Analysis An Outline
- •Seminar 2 Phonographic and morphemic expressive means Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Logical 2. Nominal 3. Emotive meanings.
- •Classification of the semantic structure according to Leningrad school of stylistics: Semantic structure of a word (Prof. I.V.Arnold) consists of denotative and connotative meanings.
- •Semantic structure of words (Prof. Arnold)
- •Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
- •Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •E.G. I must decline to pursue this painful discussion. It is not pleasant to my feelings; it is repugnant to my feelings. (d) “My children, my defrauded, swindled infants!” cried Mr. Renvings. (d)
- •Seminar 3 Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary Questions and tasks
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •The lexical thesaurus of the poetic text
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •Unit 4 Stylistic Phraseology An Outline
- •Seminar 4 Stylistic Phraseology Questions and tasks
- •Red herring
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •Units 5-7 Stylistic semasiology An Outline
- •Expressing the emotive and evaluative attitude of the writer towards the object described: ”The Peacelike Mongoose” (j.Thurber)
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (I.R.Galperin)
- •I. The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning
- •1. Interaction of Dictionary and Contextual Logical Meaning
- •2. Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings
- •3. Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meaning
- •Classification of Epithets
- •4. Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meaning
- •II. Intensification of a Feature (Lexico-Syntactical sd in V.A. Kukharenko’s classification)
- •Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (lsd) (I.R.Galperin, V.A.Kucharenko)
- •Syntactical sd (ssd) – I.R.Galperin
- •The Types of Repetition on the Syntactical Level
- •Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices (lssd) (V.A.Kucharenko)
- •1) Analogy::recurrence (Simile, Climax, Periphrasis)
- •2) Contrast::recurrence (Anticlimax, Antithesis, Litotes)
- •1) Evokes fresh images;
- •2) Reveals the author’s attitude, when it is original (fresh).
- •Antithesis,
- •Anticlimax
- •Litotes
- •Seminar 5 Lexical Level of Stylistic Analysis Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •Recommended literature:
- •Seminar 6 syntactical level of stylistic analysis Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •Supplement
- •V. A raison de coeur
- •Recommended literature:
- •Unit 8 Stylistic grammar An Outline
- •Stylistic functions of articles
- •Stylistic transposition of pronouns
- •Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison
- •Stylistic functions of verbal categories
- •Seminar 8 Stylistic grammar Questions and tasks
- •Units 9-10 Functional stylistics An Outline
- •Functional styles, general characteristics, different classifications of functional styles.
- •Functional Styles of the English Language
- •Functional Styles (y.M.Screbnev)
- •Literary colloquial
- •Familiar colloquial
- •I.V. Arnold
- •Functional Styles (I.R.G.)
- •Classification of Functional Styles of the English Language (I.R.Galperin)
- •The Problem of Colloquial Style
- •The Publicist Style, its Substyles, and their Peculiarities
- •The Newspaper fs, its Substyles and their Peculiarities
- •Formulative
- •1) Rigour and precision:
- •2) Impersonality: Passive Voice constructions
- •3) Logical sequence of utterances is achieved through:
- •The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language
- •It is characterized by special business terminology:
- •Informal functional styles:
- •Seminars 9-10 functional styles Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Supplement
- •Recommended literature:
- •Unit 11 types of narration and compositional terms An outline
- •Stylistic functions of the author’s narrative:
- •Seminar 11 types of narration Questions and tasks
- •Seminar 12 stylistics of the text Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Suggested schemes for stylistic analyses
- •The general scheme of linguo-stylistic analysis
- •Examination Questions and Problems
- •Assignments for stylistic analysis
- •Bibliography
2.2. Graphic Expressive Means An Outline
1. Graphic expressive means (EM):
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Italics;
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Capitalization;
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Spacing;
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Hyphenation;
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Steps;
f) Multiplication.
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Graphon.
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Stylistic functions of graphon and graphic EM.
Graphic EM refer to all changes of the type (italics, capitalization), spacing of graphemes (hyphenation, multiplication) and of lines (steps).
Italics are used to single out epigraphs, citations, foreign words, allusions serving the purpose of emphasis. Italics add logical or emotive significance to the words. E.g. “Now listen, Ed, stop that now. I’m desperate. I am desperate, Ed, do you hear?” (Dr.)
Capitalization is used in cases of personification making the text sound solemn and elevated or ironical in case of parody. E.g. O Music! Sphere – descended maid, // Friend of Pleasure, Wisdom’s aid! (W.Collins)
E.g. If way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the Worst. (Th.Hardy)
Capitalized words are italicized and pronounced with great emphasis.
E.g. I didn’t kill Henry. No, No! (D.Lawrence – The Lovely Lady)
E.g. “WILL YOU BE QUIET!” he bawled (A.Sillitoe – The key to the door) “Help, Help, HELP” (Huxley’s desperate appeal).
Intensity of speech is transmitted through the multiplication: “Allll aboarrrd!”- Babbit Shrieked.
Hyphenation of a word suggests the rhymed or clipped manner in which it is uttered:” e.g. “grinning like a chim-pan-zee” (O’Connor)
Hyphenation and multiplication:
Kiddies and grown-ups
Too-oo-oo,
We haven’t enough
to do-oo-oo.
Graphon (графон):
It is intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation, to recreate the individual and social peculiarities of the speaker, the atmosphere of the communication act (V.A.K.) (стилистически релевантное искажение орфографической нормы, отражающее индивидуальные или диалектные нарушения нормы фонетической). (I.V.A.)
Graphon indicates irregularities or carelessness of pronunciation, supplies information about the speaker’s origin, social and educational background, physical or emotional condition. It also individualizes the character’s speech, adds plausibility, vividness, memorability. Graphon is referred to all changes of the type (italics, CapiTaliSation), s p a c i n g of graphemes (hy-phe-na-ti-on, m-m-multiplication) and of lines (V.A.K.) E.g. “Alllll aboarrrrrrrd”.
Ex.: “The b-b-b-ast-ud seen me c-c-coming” (stumbling).
“You don’t mean to thay that thith ith your firth time” (lisping).
“Ah like ma droap o’Scatch, d’ye ken” (Scotch accent). – I like my drop of Scotch.
Ex.: “Hish mishish, it ish hish mishish. Yesh”. (J.B.Priestley) E.g. I had a coach with a little seat in fwont with an iwon wail for the dwiver. (Dickens) – (с гашеткой впегеди для кучега).
E.g. You don’t mean to thay that thith ith your firth time. (D. Cusack).
It is used in contemporary prose in dialogical clichés: gimme, lemme, gonna, gotta, coupla, mighta, willya.
2.3. Morphological Level of Stylistic Analysis An Outline
Morphemic foregrounding:
1) Repetition of a morpheme;
2) Extension of morphemic valency.
Morphemic foregrounding is meant to add logical, emotive and expressive connotation. Morphemic foregrounding is realized through:
1) repetition of root and affixal morphemes
2) extention of morphemic valency.
Morphemic repetition is repetition of a morpheme, both root and affixal, to emphasize and promote it (V.A.K.)
Extention of the morphemic valency causes the appearance of occasional words (fresh, original, lucid in the inner form and morphemic structure).
Repetition of root or affix morphemes stresses contrast, negation, absence of quality, smallness in words with the help of different affixes: anti -, a-; mis -, -ling, -ette: starling, kitchenette, disadvantage;
E.g. “She unchained, unbolted and unlocked the door. (A.Bennett)
“I’ll disown you, I’ll disinherit you, I’ll unget you.”
Extension of the normative valency adds emotive and evaluative connotational meaning in degrees of comparison of the occasional character:
“I love you mucher! Plenty mucher? Me toer!” (J.Br.)
“David, in his new grown-upness, had already a sort of authority.” (I.M.)
“I am not just talented. I am geniused.” (Sh.D.)
Occasional words (Nonce-words) are based on extension of the normative valency which results in the formation of new words. It is an effective way of using a morpheme for the creation of additional information. They are not neologisms in the true sense for they are created for special communicative situations only, and are not used beyond these occasions.
E.g. mother-in-lawed, not-thereness.
E.g. I am an undersecretary of an underbureau. (I.Shaw)
E.g. Parritt turns startledly. (E.O’Neill)
E.g. That was masterly. Or, should one say, mistressly. (A.Huxley)