- •Development of rockets Part I
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following phrases:
- •II. Give definitions to the following words:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •Development of rockets Part II
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following phrases:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Spacecraft
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following phrases:
- •II. Give definitions to the following words:
- •III. Complete the sentences in your own way:
- •Manned Flights
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with some of the phrases listed above.
- •IV. Make up a dialogue: you are the cosmonauts who are going to conduct some researches on the space station, so you discuss the future tasks and purposes of this mission. Gagarin’s First Flight
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •I see I’m afraid I wonder
- •It seems to me that I don’t know exactly If I’m not mistaken Simulators
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the following phrases:
- •IV. Match the words with their definitions:
- •V. Give the definitions to the following words:
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the following phrases:
- •IV. Give the definitions to the following words:
- •V. Read the following statements and discuss them with a partner:
- •I see I’m afraid I wonder
- •It seems to me that I don’t know exactly If I’m not mistaken Cosmos
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •IV. Find the odd word:
- •Ufo (Visiting the aliens)
- •Hubble Space Telescope
- •Where did constellations come from?
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Make up the sentences with the following phrases:
- •III. Find the odd word:
- •Exploration of the Moon
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following phrases:
- •II. Match the words with their definitions:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the given word combinations:
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Make up your own sentences using the phrases listed above.
- •IV. Look at the words listed below. Which word is the odd one?
- •Energia
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Compose some phrases from the words given in the vocabulary and make up a short dialogue using these phrases.
- •III. Make up the sentences with the following word combinations:
- •IV. Find the odd word:
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •IV. Find the odd word:
- •Upgrading the MiG-29
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. A) Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •IV. Find the odd word:
- •International Cooperation
- •Korolyov, Sergey Pavlovich
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich
- •Titov , Gherman Stepanovich
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following phrases:
- •II. State the words on their definitions:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the words given in the essential vocabulary.
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •The Wright brothers
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the phrases and words listed above.
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Look at the words listed below. Find the odd word.
- •Civil aircraft
- •Vocabulary:
- •I see I’m afraid I wonder
- •It seems to me that I don’t know exactly If I’m not mistaken
- •By Sergei Dmitriyev, The Moscow News
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the several phrases listed above.
- •IV. Look at the group of words below. Which word is the odd one?
- •Airplanes and security
- •Vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •IV. Find the odd word:
- •Russian-American Aircraft Designer Sikorsky, Igor Ivanovich
- •Tupolev
Essential vocabulary:
to consider – рассматривать, считать, решать
to pass over – пропускать, переходить, обновить
to seek - искать
site - место
persistent – устойчивый (постоянный)
hill - холм
to glide – скользить, планировать
to secure – закреплять (обозначать)
frame - рамка
biplane - биплан
wingspan – размах крыльев
to equip – оборудовать, оснащать
engine - двигатель
to aid - помогать
accomplishment – выполнение, осуществление
essential – главный, основной
harness – упряжь (зд. обуздать, поймать)
to supply – поставлять, обеспечивать
steer - управление
subsequently - впоследствии
significant invention – важное открытие
to convince - убеждать
to warp - поворачивать
to distort - искажать
fashion - способ
ridged - гребенчатый
wire – шнур, провод
edge – край, ребро
sustained – поддерживать, выдерживать
proprietary – личный, патентованный
contribution - вклад
I. Answer the following questions:
Why did the Wright brothers seek a site with a strong and persistent wind?
Who was the first man to fly in an aeroplane?
Why did neither balloons and dirigibles nor ornithopter experiments produce flight?
What was the most significant invention of the Wright brothers?
How many flights did the Wrights make during the 1904?
When did the Wrights stop experiments and break their cecrecy?
II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
сильный постоянный ветер
вскоре продемонстрировали
абсолютно не важен (нужен)
зафиксированный на краю крыла
изогнутое крыло
подняться с земли (взлететь)
движение (динамика) атмосферы
один способ или другой
расстояние в 120 футов
изменяющиеся направления
произвести полет (полететь)
получить патент на изобретение
III. Make up your own sentences with the phrases and words listed above.
IV. Make up a dialogue. Your partner is one of the Wright brothers (Wilbur or Orville) who is telling about their invention and you are a French journalist who is interviewing him.
Differences in helicopter and airplane design and construction
The most obvious difference in the construction of a fixed-wing aircraft and a helicopter is of course the latter's use of a rotor instead of a wing. There are many other additions, however, including the use of a tail rotor to offset torque. (Some helicopters use a “no tail rotor” system, in which low-pressure air is circulated through a tail boom to control the torque of the spinning main rotor.) Less obvious are such additions as the transmission system, which is used to transfer power from the engine to the rotor, tail rotor, and other accessories; the clutch, used to engage the engine and transmission with the rotor; and the mechanics of the rotor system itself.
The first helicopters were quite primitive, with skids instead of wheeled landing gear, open cockpits, and unaired fuselage sections. Helicopters are now as fully equipped as airplanes, with retractable landing gear and full instrumentation and navigation equipment, and are provided with accoutrements may be necessary to accomplish the specific task at hand. For example, some helicopters are flying ambulances, especially equipped with a complete set of intensive-care accessories. Others function as electronic news gatherers, with appropriate sensors and telecommunications equipment.
The design and operation of helicopters have derived the same advances from computers and composites as have other aircraft, especially in the design and construction of the rotor blades. One of the more important improvements is in the simplification of flight-control systems, where a simple side stick controller, with the assistance of computers, performs the functions of the collective, cyclic, and throttle controls.
Helicopter designs have included a number of optional rotor configurations, such as rotors that stop to serve as a fixed wing for forward flight; rotors that fold and can be stowed within the fuselage contours, lift being provided by a stub wing; and X-shaped rotors that rotate for takeoff and landing but are fixed for lift in flight.
In sum, the additional forces imposed upon a helicopter by its very concept delayed its development, made it relatively more difficult to control than fixed-wing aircraft, and, in general, impeded its use. While generally considered more expensive to operate than conventional fixed-wing aircraft, a true comparison of costs cannot be made without assessing the additional advantages conferred by the vertical flight capability. The popularity of the helicopter indicates that users pay any additional costs to obtain that capability. In some applications—medical evacuation, supplying of oil drilling rigs, spreading of certain agricultural agents, to name but a few—it is irreplaceable.
Walter James Boyne