- •Предисловие
- •Рекомендации по организации самостоятельной работы
- •Как нужно развивать технику письма на английском языке:
- •2. The Revised Kyoto Convention
- •Customs conventions and recomendations
- •Working on the text
- •The Revised Kyoto Convention
- •Working on the text
- •Ex.9. Summary: Write down a Summary of the text “The Revised Kyoto Convention”. Ex.10. Text rendering: Render the text “The Revised Kyoto Convention”.
- •Grammar revision
- •The London Dungeon
- •Working on the article Kyoto Protocol heated bra developed
- •Tasks for the article
- •Kyoto Protocol heated bra developed
- •Kyoto Protocol heated bra developed
- •Ex.13. Discussion: student a’s questions
- •2. The Istanbul Convention
- •The hs Convention
- •Working on the text
- •The Istanbul Convention Convention relating to temporary admission
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Anti-tobacco treaty begins (from: www. Breakingnewsenglish.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Anti-tobacco treaty begins
- •Additional tasks
- •2. The cites
- •The tir convention
- •Working on the text
- •What is cites?
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Hadran’s wall
- •Working on the article un agrees to ban on ivory trade (from: www. Breakingnewsenglish.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Un agrees to ban on ivory trade
- •Ex.12. Read and fill in the spaces. Un agrees to ban on ivory trade
- •Ex.18. Student poaching survey: Write five good questions about elephant poaching. Ex.19. Discussion
- •Ex.21. Speaking
- •Ex.22. Language: correct word: Put the correct words from a–d below in the article. Un agrees to ban on ivory trade
- •Ex.23. Writing: Write about the elephants and ivory for 10 minutes. Correct your partner’s paper. Additional tasks
- •2. Customs enforcement and compliance
- •Customs technologies
- •Working on the text
- •What is Customs Enforcement and Compliance
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision Ex.1. Functions of Transitional Words & Phrases
- •Ex.2. Transitional Words & Phrases Reading: Mexican Immigration to the us
- •Identify any transitional words and phrases, comment on their a function and find an equivalent for them.
- •Ex.4.Put the following transitional words and phrases back into the text: moreover, and not only…but , finally, because; working on the article
- •Internet Piracy Bill in Trouble
- •Tasks for the article
- •2. Obligations, Powers and Liability of the eu Customs Authorities
- •Application of Customs Control International Standards. Moving goods across the borders
- •Working on the text
- •Obligations, Powers and Liability of the eu Customs Authorities
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article
- •Ireland ‘No’ vote plunges eu into crisis (from: www. Elsdiscussions.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Additional tasks
- •Customs Union between the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan
- •Working on the text
- •Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Moscow is the world’s costliest city (from: www. Business.English.Materials.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Moscow is the world’s costliest city
- •Ex.12. Read and fill in the spaces. Moscow is the world’s costliest city
- •Ex.16. Language: Put the correct words from a–d below in the article. Moscow is the world’s costliest city
- •Ex.18. Student cost of living survey: Write five good questions about living costs. Ex.19. Discussion
- •Ex.21. Speaking: cost of living presentation:
- •Additional tasks
- •2. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- •World Customs Organization
- •Working on the text
- •General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- •2. Major Provisions of gatt
- •1. Tariff
- •2. Quantitative Restrictions
- •3. Other provisions
- •4. Achievements and Problems of gatt/wto
- •5. Difference between gatt and wto
- •Working on the text
- •Ex.16.Student “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade” survey: Write five good questions about the topic. Ex.17.Writing:
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Airport security New body scanners see through clothes
- •Tasks for the article
- •Ex.7.Airport security discussion
- •Ex.9.Writing: Write about airports for 10 minutes. Correct your partner’s paper.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Toward the end of World War II, representatives of the US and its Allied Forces endeavored to work out the arrangements for a new world order in the post war era. As a result of these negotiations, after World War II the US and its Allies planned to establish three important international institutions to liberalize trade and payment.
1.Three institutions + UN
I. International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established to facilitate international payments.
II. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. To encourage free flow of private capital, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, now the World Bank) was also established.
III. To facilitate free trade, International Trade Organization (ITO) was to be born.
IV. As a political complement to these institutions, United Nations was also established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations.
GATT was the result of an international conference held at Geneva in 1947 to consider a draft charter for the International Trade Organization (ITO). The US initiated negotiations with 22 other countries that led to commitments to regulate 45,000 tariff rates.
Technically, GATT was viewed as an agreement under the provisions of US Reciprocal Trade Act of 1934, and hence did not require approval of Congress. So GATT began its provisional existence on January 1, 1948, when 23 contracting parties signed the agreement.
2. Major Provisions of gatt
1. Tariff
(a) GATT obligates each country to accord non-discriminative, most favored nation (MFN) treatment to all other contracting parties with respect to tariffs.
(b) MFN treatment does not mean free trade or national treatment. Imports from contracting parties are subject to tariffs or quotas. MFN treatment means that no other countries with some exceptions receive better treatment or lower tariffs.
2. Quantitative Restrictions
GATT in general prohibits the use of quantitative restrictions on imports and exports.
Exceptions
(a) Agriculture - when government needs to remove surplus of agricultural and fisheries products.
(b) Balance of payments - to safeguard balance of payments. If a country's foreign exchange reserve is low.
(c) Developing countries - LDCs may use import quotas to encourage infant industries.
(d) National Security- Strategic controls on certain exports, patents, copyrights, Public Morals
3. Other provisions
Provisions to eliminate concealed protection such as customs valuation. For example, American Selling Price valuation. By ASP, an ad valorem tariff is imposed on the domestic price. Procedural matters: each member is entitled to one vote, decisions are made by majority vote. 2/3 majority is required to waive obligations. Settlements of disputes.
4. Achievements and Problems of gatt/wto
GATT has enjoyed a membership of over 100 countries and generated about 85-90% of world trade.
(a) Trade liberalization in industrial products (Kennedy Round)
(b) Adopted codes on NTBs (Tokyo Round)
(c) No world wars since 1948 (Increased trade promotes world peace)
(d) Replaced by WTO on January 1, 1995.