Participle

PARTICIPLE I

Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.

Participle I has a double nature: it combines the features of the verb and the adjective or adverb.

The verbal character of participle I is of two kinds:

1. Morphological: Like a verb it has categories of voice and correlation (perfect)

taking/being taken; taking/having taken

2. Syntactical It possesses the verb combinability.

• It may combine with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object.

• It may also combine with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier (can be modified by an adverb), or with a noun or adjective as a predicative.

Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.(object) Rising early, you'll make your days longer. (adverb)

Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect.

The adjectival and adverbial features of participle I are manifested in its syntactical functions as

1. an attribute He saw a boy playing in the yard.

2. an adverbial modifier. Having cured his patient of a serious disease, the doctor was happy.

There are even some deverbal adjectives that have completely lost their verbal meaning, for ex: interesting, charming.

When they lose their verbal character, participles may be modified by adverbs of degree used with adjectives, such as very', so, too, as in very (greatly, exceedingly, etc.) amusing, too boring, most exciting.

FORMS OF PARTICIPLE I

Correlation- voice	active	passive
Non-perfect	Going Taking	-Being taken
perfect	Having gone Having taken	-Having been taken

The category of correlation in participle finds its expression in the contrast of the non-perfect and perfect forms.

The non-perfect form suggests that the action denoted by participle I is simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

Thus the time-reference of the action expressed by participle 1 can be understood only from the context

Learning foreign languages 1. you know your native tongue better

2. I used to begin my day with repeating new words

The perfect form of participle I indicates that the action denoted by the participle is prior to that denoted by the finite verb. (*Participle I Indefinite Active is also used to express prior actions with some verbs. See later)

Having learnt English 1. I’ll start upon French 2. we started upon French

The perfect form of participle 1 always expressed priority, while non-perfect participle 1 can express a prior (предшествующую) or posterior ( следующую) action.

Non-perfect participle 1 can also express immediate priority if it is formed from such verbs as verbs of motion (to come, to enter, to arrive, to turn, to leave), of sense perception ( to see, to hear, to find) and verbs of certain specific actions associated with motion ( to put, to put on, to take, to take off, to seize, to grasp, to open).

Arriving at the station, he found his train gone. Leaving the house, Andrew, continued his round.

Turning the corner, you’ll see the house you are looking for.

Hearing a noise in the garden, I looked out of the window. Taking off our shoes, we tiptoed into the nursery

The perfect participle of the same verbs is used when there is a lapse of time (промежуток времени) between the two actions, or when the action denoted by the participle is durative (длительная). Compare the examples.

Seeing Jane I rushed to greet her. But: Having seen the girl only once, I hardly recognized her.

Sometimes the perfect participle 1 is used to emphasize the priority. Compare the examples.

Her husband, finding the right key, fits it into the lock of the bureau.

Having found the place he sought, Bateman sent in his card to the manager. (только после того как он нашёл)

Non- perfect participle 1 may denote a posterior action, immediately following the first action, forming its part or its result: Lizzy left the room, banging the door shut. John fell, hurting his knee.

There may be a lapse of time between the first and the second (posterior) action.We left at dawn, returning late.

Participle 1 of transitive (переходных) verbs, has voice distinctions, which are realized in the contrast of active ans passive forms.

Translating from English into Russian, she should know well both languages. Being translated into many languages, the novel is known all over the world.Having translated the text into Russian, we handed it to the teacher. Having been translated long ago, the novel is likely to be re-translated.

Participle 1 active denotes and action directed from the subject.

Participle 1 of passive denotes an action directed towards the subject.

Ex. 1 Study the forms of Participle I and the way they are rendered in Russian.

Non-perfect*	1. He listened in, lying on the sofa. 2. Arriving in Minsk we went sightseeing at once. 3. She went out closing the door behind her.	1. Он слушал радио, лежа на диване. 2. Приехав в Минск, мы сразу же отправились осматривать город. 3. Она вышла, закрыв за собой дверь.
Non-perfect	4. They went along the path leading to the river. 5. A crowd of children watched the house being painted.	4. Они шли по тропинке, ведущей к реке. 5. Толпа детей наблюдала, как красили дом.
Perfect	6. Having packed my things I went to call a taxi. 7. Having been examined** by the doctor, they were allowed to join the sports club.	6. Упаковав вещи, я пошел вызывать такси. 7. После того как их осмотрел врач, им разрешили вступить в спортивный клуб.

PARTICIPLE II

Participle II of transitive verbs, when it is not part of a perfect form is always passive in meaning. It is translated as built – построенный, строящийся, строившийся.

Participle II is a non-finite form of the verb with verbal and adjectival, which composes its double nature.

The verbal character of participle II:1) participle II possesses the verbal meaning of voice, aspect and correlation (perfect).

2) Participle II may combine with adverbs of degree peculiar to adjectives, such as very, too, slightly, so, much, more: I am very pleased with you. The children were too excited to notice the newcomer.No man has ever had a more devoted sister than I.

The adjectival features of participle II are syntactical:

1. an attribute: I am very pleased with you.

b) a predicative: The children were too excited to notice the newcomer.

The adjectival nature of participle II is traced in adjectivized participles with a form different from the verbal participle II. These forms occur as attributes in such phrases as on bended knees, a drunken man, a lighted match (candle, torch), molten lava (lead, steel), roast meet, a rotten apple, a shaven head, a well-shaven man, sodden clothes, sunken eyes, a swollen river. Some forms are used predicatively: to be well-stricken in years, to be panic-stricken, poverty-stricken (but thunder struck, theatre struck).

The passive meaning of participle II may be of three types.

1. denonting an action directed towards the subject as the carier of the action. This is typical of such transitive verbs verbs as: to carry , to accompany, to watch, to teach to speak to and etc. Ex: Spanish is one of the foreign languages taught at our University. 2. denoting a state, which is a result of an action. This is typical of such transitive verbs as : to bring, to catch, to do ,to find, to solve, to build. Ex. The door is shut. 3. denoting a pure state. With verbs denoting psychological states and emotions: to amuse, to annoy, to offend etc. Ex: I felt annoyed when the refused… One of the most essential characteristics of participle II is that when it is used as part of the sentence, participle II of a transitive verb is passive in meaning, participle II of an intransitive verb is active.

Thus the participles invited, told, taken are semantically passive and correspond to the Russian passive participles приглашенный, расска­занный, взятый. Participle II of intransitive verbs is always active in meaning. Only participles II of verbs denoting motion or change of state. These are participles II of the verbs: to arrive, to fall, to go, to rise, to depart, to retire, to fade, to vanish, to decay and some others. The participles arrived, gone, risen are semantically active and correspond to the Russian active participles прибывший, ушедший, поднявшийся (взошедший).Instead of the negation not, which we find with the other non-finites, participle II is often negated with the prefix un-: unfinished, unanswered.

Participle II may undergo adjectivization, sometimes acquiring qualitative meaning and becoming synonymous with an adjective, as in celebrated-famous, tired-weary. Some of these deverbal adjectives have true participles as homonyms. For example, compare these phrases: the celebrated professor and the anniversary celebrated all over the world). Similarto adjectives and participle I, participle II may form adverbs with the help of the suffix –ly: fixedly, unhurriedly, admittedly.

!!!1. Participle I Perfect is not used as an attribute. To express priority an attributive clause is used. The boy who has broken the window is Tom Winslow.

2. Participle I Indefinite of the verb "to be" is not used as an adverbial modifier of time. Clauses of the type "Когда я был мальчиком" may be translated "When a boy".

*The contraction composed of these verbs + direct object + Participle II means that the actions expressed by the verbs and Participle II is done not by the doer of the action, but by somebody else for the doer of the action.