- •Lexicology as a branch of linguistics; its tasks and objectives.
- •Relation of Lexicology to other linguistic fields.
- •What is a Word? The Notion of Lexeme.
- •4 . Lexical Fields.. Word Families. Word Classes
- •Definition of the Word. Characteristics of Words.
- •Synchronic and Diachronic Study of Vocabulary.
- •Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relations between Words.
- •8. Factors that Contribute to Shifts in Meaning
- •9.Transference Based on Similarity (Metaphor).
- •Transference Based on Contiguity (Metonymy).
- •Amelioration vs. Pejoration of Meaning.
- •Processes Responsible for Semantic Changes
- •14 .What Are Meaning Relations? Relation of Reference vs. Sense Relation
- •15 . Synonymy. Strict (absolute) and loose Synonyms. Criteria for absolute synonymy.
- •3 Criteria for absolute synonymy:
- •16. Reasons for extensive synonymy in English.
- •17. Major differences between items in synonymic sets
- •18.Antonymy. Types of Antonyms.
- •Hyponymy and Meronymy.
- •20.The Concept and Definition of Meaning.
- •Major differences between British and American English with respect to vocabulary.
- •Word Meaning (Word as a linguistic sign).
- •Types of Connotation
- •Polysemy. Problems Inherent in the Concept of Polysemy.
- •Homonymy. Types of homonyms.
- •Jargon and slang.
- •Euphemisms and taboo words.
- •Phraseology. Principles of classification of phraseological units.
- •31.Word Formation: Affixation. Inflectional and derivational affixes.
- •2 Types of word formation:
- •Word Formation: Compounding. Classification of compounds.
- •Word Formation: Conversion, Blending, Shortening.
- •33.Scandinavian borrowings in English.
- •34.Greek and Latin loanwords in English.
- •35.French borrowings in the English vocabulary.
- •36.Neologisms. Euphemisms and the notion of political correctness.
- •37.Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Componential Analysis.
- •38.Etymological make-up of the English Vocabulary.
- •Main types of dictionaries.
- •40.Lexicology and Lexicography
- •41. Selection of lexical units and arrangement of entries in dictionaries.
- •42.Selection and arrangement of meanings.
- •Methods of lexicological analysis.
- •1.1. Contrastive Analysis
- •Regional variation in the English vocabulary.
- •Collocation and the notion of collocability
- •Why learn collocations?
- •[Edit] Noun
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Transformational Analysis
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Distributional Analysis.
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Immediate Constituent Analysis.
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Contrastive Analysis.
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Statistical Analysis.
Collocation and the notion of collocability
A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:
Natural English...Unnatural English...
the
fast train
quick
train
fast foodthe
quick
fooda
quick
shower fast
shower
a
quick meala a fast
meal
Why learn collocations?
Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.
You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.
It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words
collocate + -ability
[Edit] Noun
collocability (countable and uncountable; plural collocabilities)
(linguistics) The tendency or legitimacy of words to occur together in a collocation.
.
Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Transformational Analysis
Transformational analysis in lexicological investigations may be defined
as re-patterning of various distributional structures in order to
discover difference or sameness of meaning of practically identical
distributional patterns.
Word-groups of identical distributional structure when re-patterned also
show that the semantic relationship between words and consequently the
meaning of word-groups may be different. For example, in the word-groups
consisting of a possessive pronoun followed by a noun, his car, his
failure, his arrest, his goodness, etc., the relationship between his
and the following nouns is in each instant different which can be
demonstrated by means of transformational procedures.
his failure (mistake, attempt) may be represented as he failed (was
mistaken, attempted) or A performs В which is impossible in the case of
his car (pen, table).
· his arrest (imprisonment, embarrassment) may be re-patterned into he
was arrested (imprisoned and embarrassed) or A is the goal of the action
B.
· his goodness (kindness, modesty) may be represented as he is good
(kind, modest) or В is the quality of A.
In Ukrainian:
Болільник - той, хто уболіває
Зрадник - той, хто зрадив
Чайник - те, що призначено (посуд) для заварювання чаю
Спільник - той, хто діє спільно з кимсь у незаконній справі
Здирник - той, хто здирає, вимагає шляхом примусу і погроз
Супутник - той, хто йде, їде разом
Могильник - сховище чогось шкідливого, непотрібного, відпрацьованого
Намордник - те, що надівають па морду
Полярник- той, хто досліджує полярні райони
Ливарник - той, хто відливає металеві вироби
Хабарник - той, хто бере хабарі
Types of transformation differ according to purposes for which
transformations are used.
There are:
· permutation
· replacement
· additiоn (or expansion)
· deletion
Transformational procedures are also used as will be shown below in
componental analysis of lexical units.