3 Components:

• The speaker component showing whether the persons mentioned in the reference are the speakers or addresses or the person spoken of.

• The time component showing the moment of speech.

• The reality component showing the reference of the statement to the reality.

Classifications:

• Communicative

• Structural.

Communicative one is based on the notion of the communicative type.

There exist 3 types of communication:

• Statement => declarative

• Question => interrogative

• Inducement => imperative

All 3 types can be emotionally colored. Such sentences are called exclamatory sentences.

How beautiful you are!

What can he possibly do for you?!

Stop kidding me!!!

Structural one is based on the number of predicative lines in the sentence.

• - Simple (1 predicative line)

2 - Composite (more than 1)

According to the type of relation between the parts of the sentence:

• Connected on the basis of equality => compound sentence

• Connected on the basis of subordination => complex sentence

• Connected on both bases – compound-complex, complex-compound.

• Compound sentence, its existence

The compound sentence is a polypredicative construction built on the principle of coordination (parataxis); the clauses of a compound sentence are arranged as units of syntactically equal rank, equipotently. Paradigmatically, the compound sentence is derived from two or more base sentences, joined as coordinate clauses. One of them becomes the main clause and the other clauses, which may or may not include the coordinative connector, occupy the dependent sentential position and may be called sequential clauses.

Though the dependence between the clauses of a compound sentence is not subordinative (the sequential clause is not inserted into the position of a nominative part in the matrix sentence), the dependence is manifested positionally: by means of differences in syntactic distribution of predicative units, different distributions of the ideas expressed are achieved.

EX: They quarreled and then they made up (again); They made up, and then they quarreled (again) (the sequence of events in time is shown as different); or, She was sick and she took some medicine (= because she was sick); She took some medicine and she became sick (= because she took the medicine) (the sequence of events in time and their causal-consequential relations are shown as different).

There has been some controversy concerning the syntactic status of the compound sentence: some linguists maintain that it is not a specific syntactic construction, but a sequence of separate sentences similar to the combination of semantically related independent sentences in speech, as in supra-sentential constructions in the text.

The following arguments are used to show the arbitrariness of compound sentences: the possibility of a falling, finalizing tone between the coordinated predicative units and the possibility of using the same coordinative conjunctions for the introduction of separate sentences;

EX: They quarreled, but then they made up again. - They quarreled. But then they made up again.

The fact is, there is a distinct semantico-syntactic difference between the two constructions: the closeness of connections between the events is shown by means of combining predicative units into a coordinative polypredicative sequence, while the connections between the events in a sequence of independent sentences are shown as rather loose. Besides, the subordinate clauses can also be separated in the text, being changed into specific independent sentences, but this does not challenge the status of the complex sentence as a separate syntactic unit.

• Complex sentence

The Complex Sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. The Complex Sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses - a principal one and a subordinate one. Although the principal clause positionally dominates the subordinate clause, the two form a semantico-syntactic unity, in which they are interconnected.

The subordinate clause is joined to the principal one either by a subordinating connector (subordinator) or asyndetically.

The principles of classification:

Subject- object –attributive- adverbial-functional

• The subject clause expresses the theme of the actual division of a complex sentence.

Ex.What he would do next was not even spoken of.

• The object clause denotes an object-situation of the process. Ex. She cannot imagine what you are doing there.

• Attributive clauses express some characteristics. Ex. I shook out my scarf which was damp.

• Clauses of adverbial positions constitute a vast domain of syntax which falls into many subdivisions.

• The predicative clause performs the function of the nominal part of the predicate, i.e. the part adjoining the link-verb (be, seem, look).

More than two clauses may be combined in one complex sentence. Subordinate clauses may be arranged by parallel or consecutive subordination. Subordinate clauses immediately referring to one principal clause are subordinated “in parallel’ or “co-subordinated”.

Parallel subordination may be both homogeneous and heterogeneous:

• in homogeneous parallel constructions, the subordinate clauses perform similar functions, they are connected with each other coordinatively and depend on the same element in the principal clause (or, the principal clause in general), e.g.: He said that it was his business and that I’d better stay off it;

• in heterogeneous parallel constructions, the subordinate clauses mostly refer to different elements in the principal clause, e.g.: The man whom I saw yesterday said that it was his business.

• The subject.

The subject sometimes defined as a word or a group of words that denote a person or the thing spoken of in the sentence. But it’s not complete and old.

Ильиш said that the definition must contain at least 3 items:

• The meaning of this or that part of the sentence

• Its syntactic relations with other parts of speech

• Its morphological manifestation.

• The Subject is one of the 2 main parts of sentence, it denotes the thing whose action or characteristics is expressed by the predicate and it’s not dependent on any other part of the sentence.

It can be expressed by different parts of speech. The most frequent – a noun in the common case, a demonstrative pronoun occasionally, a substantivized adjective, a numeral, infinitive and a gerund.

BUT

Pr. Блох: it’s not fully independent part of the sentence – the thing is between the subject and the predicate those don’t exist without each other. The subject is the person modifier of a predicate.

Classification.

Бархударов divided subjects into 2 groups:

• A simple subject that consists of one part but not one word.

• A compound subject that consists of 2 parts, one of them is purely structural (anticipatory “it”, introductory “there”) and the other is notional.

• The Predicate.

Ильиш: The predicate is one of two main parts of the sentence, it denotes the action or property of the thing denoted by the subject. It’s not dependent on any other parts of speech.

BUT

Pr. Блох: it’s not fully independent part of the sentence – the thing is between the subject and the predicate those don’t exist without each other. The predicate is the process modifier of a subject.

Classification.