- •Л.С. Банникова, доцент, кандидат педагогических наук
- •Contents
- •I. Social behaviour and attitudes
- •Ethnic identity: the native British
- •What does it mean to be Scottish?
- •Geographical identity
- •Men and women
- •Attitudes
- •Stereotypes and change
- •English versus British
- •Multiculturalism
- •Conservatism
- •Being different
- •The love of nature
- •The love of animals
- •Formality and informality
- •Public spiritedness and amateurism
- •The Culture of Sport
- •A national passion
- •Gentlemen and players
- •The social importance of sport
- •Cricket
- •Football
- •Animal in sport
- •Foxhunting
- •Other sports
- •II. Religion in britain
- •Religion in Britain
- •Religion and politics
- •Anglicanism
- •Women priests
- •Catholicism
- •Episcopalianism
- •Keeping the sabbath
- •Other conventional Christian churches
- •Other religions, churches and religious movements
- •III. The media
- •The media
- •The importance of the national press
- •The national papers and Scotland
- •The two types of national newspaper
- •The characteristics
- •Papers and politics
- •The characteristics of the national press: sex and scandal
- •Sex and scandal
- •The rest of the press
- •Bbc radio
- •Television: organization
- •Television: style
- •Glued to the goggle box
- •The ratings: a typical week
- •IV. Welfare state
- •Welfare
- •The origins of the welfare state in Britain
- •The National Health Service
- •What does the nhs do?
- •Primary care
- •How primary care is developing
- •Secondary care
- •Tertiary care
- •Hospital building under the Private Finance Initiative
- •Community Care
- •How is the nhs funded?
- •How is the money spent?
- •Increased spending
- •How is the nhs organised?
- •Recent reforms
- •Nhs staff
- •Family doctors
- •The contribution made by the Voluntary Sector
- •Private medicine
- •Personal Social Services
- •Social Services spending
- •Modernising Social Services
- •Family and voluntary carers
- •Meeting increasing demand
- •Older people
- •Disabled people
- •People with learning disabilities
- •Help for families and children
- •Social Security
- •What is social security for?
- •How is social security funded?
- •How is the money spent?
- •Who receives benefits?
- •Benefits and who receives them
- •How is Social Security organised?
- •Types of benefit
- •The Government's aims
- •Welfare Reform
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- •246019, Г. Гомель, ул. Советская, 104
Community Care
Social services have the lead responsibility for community care services to meet the needs of older people, people with disabilities, mentally ill people or other vulnerable members of society. The NHS, however, has an important role in providing some services and in collaborating closely with social services to plan and deliver community care.
Here the role of the NHS includes helping to assess people's needs for community care, liaising with social services over hospital discharges to make sure people get the continuing care they need, as well as delivering some services. The NHS makes an important contribution to community care services, for example, district nurses provide nearly 2.5 million episodes of care annually.
How is the nhs funded?
The NHS is free at the point of delivery to anyone normally resident in Britain. All taxpayers and employees contribute to its cost.
About 82 per cent of the coast of the health service is paid for by general taxes. The rest comes from:
a proportion of National Insurance contributions (paid by working people and employers) - 12.2 per cent
charges towards the costs of certain items, such as drugs prescribed by GPs, dental treatment and sight tests - 2.3 per cent. (Children and adults who may have difficulties paying are exempted from these charges.).
land sales and other schemes for generating income - less than one per cent.
In addition:
health authorities are free to raise funds from voluntary sources and
some NHS hospitals take private patients who pay the full cost of their accommodation and treatment.
How is the money spent?
The NHS is one of the largest employers in the world, and staff costs account for two-thirds of all expenditure. About one tenth of the budget, some ₤4 billion, is spent each year on medicines.
In terms of spending on patients, more than two-fifths of total hospital and community health services expenditure, is on people aged 64 and over, while they make up just 16 per cent of the population.
The pie chart on the left shows spending in terms of different services:
Hospital and Community Health Services provide hospital care and a wide range of community services
Family Health Services (FHS) provide general medical, dental, pharmaceutical and some ophthalmic services, and covering the cost of medicines prescribed by GPs
Central Health and Miscellaneous Services provide services which are most effectively administered centrally such as welfare food (such as free milk and vitamins for the children of families on Income Support) and support to the voluntary sector
The administrative costs of the health departments are included under Departmental Administration.
Increased spending
Spending on health is one of the Government's top priorities. Spending on the NHS has increased in real terms for many years: the total in 1996-1997 was ₤35 billion; in 1997-1998 this figure increased to nearly ₤42 billion, which amounts to ₤1,700 for every household in the country.
In July 1998 the Government announced it would provide an extra ₤20 billion over the next three years. That amounts to an increase of 4.7% a year above inflation between 1998-1999 and 2001-2002.
This investment in the NHS is planned to bring a host of improvements to services:
improve hospitals and GP services
provide for the largest hospital building plan ever
reduce waiting lists
finance reform, based on partnership of all health bodies, with GPs and nurses playing a more important role
begin to reduce avoidable illness, disease and injury and
reduce the rate of growth in emergency admissions.