Text №5 Refrigerator

The earliest method of refrigeration was the storage of food in caves and cold springs. This method of storing food in cold places slowly evolved, as people began keeping food in their cellars, in their outdoor window boxes, in the snow, or underwater in nearby lakes, streams or wells. The invention of the icebox led to more efficient refrigeration. Ice was delivered to houses by delivery men and was used in wooden iceboxes that were lined in tin or zinc and insulated with sawdust or seaweed. The use of ice for refrigeration continued until World War I, when mechanical refrigeration came on the market. The first electric refrigerators with freezer compartments came on the market in the 1920s and 1930s. However, the mass production of refrigerators began after World War 11, when researchers had been able to successfully adapt large refrigeration systems for use in homes and shops. In the 1950s and 1960s, the invention of automatic defrost and automatic ice makers further improved the efficiency of refrigerators. Refrigerators also became available in a wide variety of size, color, and design.

Text №6

Ice cream cone

For folks who lived anywhere near St. Louis, Missouri, the biggest event in the summer of 1904 was the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which took place in that city. No one knew beforehand, but that exposition was the occasion where ice cream cones were first made and sold. The person who did it was named Charles Menches and he was a seller of ice cream. But he didn't plan to invent the ice cream cone. This is how it happened. Charles Menches sold his ice cream in dishes the way every other ice cream man did. That August when the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was at its height, was a real scorcher, however, and one day disaster struck Mr. Menches. There were so many hot and thirsty fairgoers wanting ice cream that he ran out of dishes. And it wasn't even noon. He had more than half a day of business ahead of him and not a single dish to serve his ice cream on. What did Menches do? He looked around him and thought fast. Nearby was a stand where his friend, Ernest Hamwi, who was from Syria, was selling a Middle Eastern treat called Zalabia. Zalabia consists of a crisp, wafer-like pastry sold with syrup. "Give me Zalabia!" cried Menches. He rolled up the Zalabia, scooped his ice cream on top, and presto! Ice cream cone was born.

Appendix 2

Tapescripts

Tapescript 1 (to ex. 2.14)

Presenter: Welcome to our quiz show. Our first category is “Inventors and their inventions”. Ready, players?

Players: Yes!

Presenter: When did Galileo build his first telescope? (ding)

P1: 1609?

Presenter: Correct! He used it to study the moon and Mars. Ok. What did Alexander Graham Bell invent? (ding)

P3: The telephone!

Presenter: You are right – next question: When did Bell invent the telephone? (ding)

P2: In 1780?

Presenter: Oh, sorry, that is incorrect. (ding)

P1: In 1876.

Presenter: Yes! And by 1887, there were more than 150,000 phones in the US! OK! Now, when did Edison and Swan invent the light bulb? (ding)

P3: 1879.

Presenter: That’s correct – did you know that Edison also invented the phonograph? Alright – what did Karl Benz invent in 1885? (ding)

P2: The automobile!

Presenter: Yes – and can you believe that this first automobile only had three wheels, and went 15 kph?! Now – what did the famous Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, invent in 1903? (ding)

P1: The aeroplane!

Presenter: That’s right – their first plane flew 120 feet in 12 seconds!

(ding, ding, ding).

That’s the end of round one, players … now … (fade out)