- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •Theme 1 communication
- •1. Communication Structure. How do people communicate?
- •2. Objectives of communication
- •3. Communication skills
- •4. Channels of communication
- •5. Barriers to Communication
- •6. Success in communication
- •Please engage brain before opening mouth
- •7. Basic forms of communication
- •Verbal Communication
- •8. Communication spheres of translators
- •Reader Theme 2. Intercultural communication
- •1. Culture of communication
- •2. Intercultural communication
- •3. Translators in Cross-Cultural Communication
- •4. Culture and entertainment
- •Theme 3
- •Verbal communication
- •1. Verbal Communication
- •Verbal languages
- •2. Culture of verbal communication
- •Verbal Etiquette
- •3. Semantic and social nature of language
- •Introductions
- •3. Verbal Activities
- •Theme 4 telephoning
- •Introduction. Nowadays, even with e-mail and the Internet, the telephone is still the most common means of communication in business. Telephone is very important in modern business operations.
- •Words are missed
- •Words are misheard
- •The message is misunderstood.
- •Reader. Theme 5. Non-verbal communication
- •4.1. Introduction
- •4.2. Classification of non-verbal communication
- •4.3. Intercultural differences in non-verbal communication
- •4.4. Visiting another country
- •4.5. Professional skills of translators
- •Theme 6 Applying for a job
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The application itself
- •If possible make a photocopy of the blank form before you start. Use this to make a rough copy and then you can be sure that the final version is laid out as neatly as possible.
- •3. Interview
- •4. Translator in a job interview
- •Information to bring to an interview:
- •5. Cross-cultural interviews
- •6. Job interviews in the usa compared with other cultures
- •Reader. Theme 7
- •Interpersonal communication at work
- •1. Interpersonal Communication
- •2. Interpersonal skills
- •3. Communication climate
- •4. Relations and Processes in Workplace
- •5. People in the Office Environment
- •Reader. Theme 8. Meetings
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of meetings
- •3. Meeting procedure
- •Place a watch or clock in a prominent position so you are able to keep an eye on the time.
- •4. Chairing meetings
- •5. Duties of members (attendees, participants) at a meeting
- •6. Teleconferencing
- •7. International meetings
- •8. Business etiquette of the translator
- •8. Vocabulary. Meetings
- •Writing an agenda
- •An example of formal minutes
- •Reader Theme 9. Negotiations
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of negotiations
- •3. Stages in negotiation
- •4. Cross-cultural negotiations
- •1. The basis of the relationship
- •2. Information at negotiations
- •3. Negotiation styles
- •5. Grammar of diplomacy in negotiations
- •10 Being open to negotiation. The -ing forms.
- •12. Verbs patterns with recommend / suggest /advise
- •Reader. Unit 10. Presentation
- •1. Public communication
- •2. Presentation
- •Translator and presentation
- •3. From the life of famous orators
- •4. Preparation to presentation
- •5. Delivering a presentation
- •6. Language.
- •6. Public Communication in different cultures
- •7. Presentation language
2. Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication is communication between people from different cultures and countries (Synonyms: cross-cultural, or international, communication). Intercultural communication focuses on the ways in which cultural differences influence verbal and nonverbal communication. Intercultural communication has become a critical element required for all international business executives, managers, and employees, including translators.
Cultures by region
It is important for translators to know the cultures in different parts of the world. Below, there are the main cultures by region.
Europe. Dominant influences include ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and Christianity, although religion has declined in Europe. In the broader sense it is sometimes referred to as Western culture. This is most easily seen in the spread of the English language and a few other European languages.
Americas. The culture of the Americas is strongly influenced by:
peoples that inhabited the continents before Europeans arrived,
Africa. The United States especially has a large African-American population, most of whom are descended from former slaves,
European immigration, especially Spanish, English, French, Portuguese, and Dutch.
Australia. Much of Australia’s culture is derived from European and American roots, but distinctive Australian features have evolved from the environment and Aboriginal culture.
Africa. Though of many varied origins, African culture has been shaped by European colonialism and is differentiated by Arab and Islamic culture.
Asia. Despite the great cultural diversity of Asian nations, there are several transnational cultural influences. Religions, especially Buddhism and Taoism, have had an impact on the cultural traditions of East Asian countries. Hinduism and Islam have for hundreds of years exerted cultural influence on various peoples of South Asia. Though Korea, Japan, and Vietnam are not Chinese speaking countries, their languages have been heavily influenced by Chinese and Chinese writing.
Kazakhstan. Kazakh culture is largely influenced by a Turkic nomadic lifestyle and Islam. The Kazaks had a well-articulated culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy.
Problems of intercultural communication
Today’s globalization of world and business opens up entirely new opportunities for Kazakhstani professionals and translators. At the same time, this presents new challenges in intercultural communication.
The main barrier in cross-cultural communication of translators is cultural differences. Each country has its own socio-cultural rules, traditions and protocols. Each nation has its ideas about Religion and values; Concepts of time and personal space; Body language; Social behaviour and norms in private life and in professional sphere. What is appropriate and polite in one culture may be totally inappropriate or even offensive in another.
Differences in culture are the reason that people experience culture shock. Culture shock is the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live or work in another country or company. The food, style of dress, and other aspects of life in a new country are so different that people have a hard time adjusting to this new way of life.