13. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги, где это необходимо.

The degree… which income is unequally distributed… a country will affect… the question of… whom goods and services are produced.

Higher prices… oil make the economy look… technologies requiring… less oil.

There is always an element… risk in providing… capital… new businesses.

Farming relies heavily… commercial energy sources.

There are different types… leases. With some of them the landlord is… an advantage… the tenant… terms… risk from a harvest failure, though with others, the risk is shared… the landowner and the tenant.

… conditions of overall environment pollution we can expect the greenhouse effect to gain power… a rapid rate… the near future.

The mayor said the population should not expect the local government to supply them… cheap housing.

Agriculture provides… raw materials… industry.

Agriculturists know soils to vary greatly… productivity depending… their structure and composition.

Present-day industry meets… the demand… farmers providing them… fertilizers and growth regulators… livestock and crops.

The housing… this part… the town does not meet… the requirements… the population.

… conditions… growing oil scarcity, investors hope to meet… future demand… oil buying new reserves. Paying now, they expect to provide themselves… sources… revenue… future.

Аудиторная работа № 2

14. А) Расположите вопросы к тексту на с. 78 в таком порядке, чтобы они могли служить планом текста, и ответьте на них.

Why is land transferred from one industry to another?

Why is land an essential agricultural resource?

When do farmers buy land and when do they lease it?

What natural resources are named in the text?

Can the supply of land be increased?

When do prices for non-renewable resources rise?

How can a farmer raise the price of land?

Why do fanners have to choose between alternative uses of land on their fanns?

Why is land durable?

For what purposes is land used?

б) Подумайте и скажите:

What other renewable and non-renewable resources besides the ones mentioned in the text can you name?

What advantages and disadvantages of land lease for a farmer can you think of?

15. Вставьте в предложения пропущенные слова except или besides.

It is impossible to fully value the US national income as the increase in accumulated durables is not fully counted… in housing.

As oil prices continue to grow, airlines look for more fuel-efficient aircraft…, coal generators become more widely used.

… energy, there is another factor raising farm productivity: chemicals, whose prices are growing with every year.

The prices of all goods in the market…. the price of this one, have risen lately.

The economists expect wages in all branches of mining…. coal mining, to grow.

Most farmers in the United States prefer to make their business on their own land… those ones who cannot purchase large enough plots (участок) and have to lease the land.

… land resources and climate, sufficient water resources are essential for successful farming.

16. Назовите номера предложений, в которых слово which относится ко всему предыдущему предложению.

The relative cost of using capital and labour in rich and poor countries affects the manner in which goods and services are produced.

In the 1980s, the Finnish government offered a subsidy to landowners for afforestation, which was a disincentive for them to go on using land for farming.

The land used formerly (ранее) for mining is being transferred to farming and afforestation, which is to improve the environment.

Profits are maximized at the output level at which marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue.

Unemployment benefits provide disincentives to looking for a new job, which increases unemployment.

Trade unions let workers participate in many types of political activities, which is essential for protecting their interests.

About 60 percent of the world's population live in poor countries, the two largest of which are India and Indonesia

Investors try to buy the resources now before their supplies have been used up, which will send up prices.

17. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.

1. The purpose of the natural resource research in the USA was

2. The contract of lease is made between

3. Rent is

4. The economists believe the quantity of fresh water consumed to double (удвоиться) in about 30 years

5. A subsidy for housing may become a strong enough incentive

6. The lease contract may include some incentives

7. Experts consider the presence of chemicals to be

8. Mining is the industry

9. Oil importing countries feel themselves at a disadvantage due to

10. When the price rises above marginal costs, each producer has an incentive to produce more than the output agreed upon by cartel members,

18. Переведите следующие фразы:

a. the main disadvantage of the food produced in industrialized areas.

b. for the tenant to improve the land on which he farms.

c. the periodic payments made to the owners of assets for the use of their land or other factors of production or for consumption.

d. so they expect the demand for supplies of fresh water to grow.

e. to provide a basis for the development of agricultural and environmental policies.

f. for the landowners to transfer land from farming to housing.

g. which really took place in coffee, cocoa, tin (олово) and some other markets except the oil one regulated by the OPEC.

h. of getting minerals out of the earth.

i. the landowner and the tenant.

j. regulations imposed by the OPEC.

1) the following fertilizers have to be applied; in order to apply the following fertilizers the farmer should…; for the following fertilizers to be applied; the following fertilizers are too expensive to be applied; we expected the fanner to apply the following fertilizers; applying the following fertilizers the farmer improved…; the farmer applying the following fertilizers improved…; the farmer applied the following fertilizers to improve…; to apply the following fertilizers is a good practice;

2) to purchase land for housing is expensive; we expect the corporation to purchase the land for housing; in order to purchase land for housing; for the land to be purchased for housing; the land is too far from the centre of the city to be purchased for office buildings; the land purchased for housing; purchasing land for housing, the corporation…; the corporation purchasing land for housing;

3) для того, чтобы арендаторы взяли в аренду эту землю; арендаторы, берущие в аренду эту землю; беря в аренду землю, арендаторы…; земля, сданная арендаторам; чтобы взять в аренду землю, арендаторы… (два варианта); мы думаем, что арендаторы берут в аренду эту землю, чтобы…; аренда земли популярна среди…

Задание на дом № 3

19. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Economists say rent to be the periodic payments to the owners of land and other assets.

2. The tenant farmer usually has certain freedom in the choice of crops and livestock raised and practices of soil cultivation applied, though the landowner may impose a number of restrictions.

3. Profitability is the profit earned by a firm in relation to the size of the firm, measured in terms of capital or the number of workers employed.

4. The Middle East oil kingdoms expect to use up most of their supplies of oil in about 15 years.

5. Although a large capital-intensive plant is expensive, it can produce a large output at low cost. To use labour-intensive technology is more expensive and less efficient. So economists consider it to be profitable to choose very capital-intensive production technologies in gas, electricity and some other industries.

6. Mass production is the manufacture of a product in very large quantities using capital-intensive methods of production. Mass production is typically found in industries where the degree of standardization of a product supplied is high, which lets manufacturers use the advantages provided by automated machinery and processes.

7. The primary sector is part of the economy which extracts raw materials and provides agricultural crops and animal produce. Economists consider the primary sector to be essential in less developed economies where large areas are allocated to farming and mining.

20. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Мы знаем, что фермеры применяют удобрения для того, чтобы заставить сельскохозяйственные культуры расти лучше.

2. В условиях экономического кризиса уровень безработицы имеет тенденцию к росту.

3. Мы знаем, что руда – это порода, земля и т. п., из которых можно получать металл.

4. Некоторые экономисты предполагают, что в следующем столетии не только различные виды топлива и руд, но и водные ресурсы и плодородные почвы будут полностью использованы, что приведет к локальным, а также глобальным войнам за ресурсы.

5. Повысившаяся рентабельность производства нефти привела к увеличению вложений в новые нефтяные месторождения (oil fields), особенно в Северном море, что ослабило контроль ОПЕК над мировыми запасами.

6. Мы знаем, что компания British Gas добывает газ очень рентабельно в мелкой части Северного моря.

21. а) Перепишите подчеркнутые предложения, используя конструкцию «сложное дополнение», для чего воспользуйтесь словами, данными в скобках после этих предложений.

The degree of modern farming dependence upon commercial energy sources is very high (US economists, to believe). Heavy equipment requires gasoline and oil; fertilizers and insecticides are made by energy-intensive processes. This tendency was efficient as long as farm wages were rising faster than oil prices. But the sharp rise in energy prices has made the two essential sources of raising farm profitability unavailable.

The present-day condition in the energy market is moving farm technology away from energy-intensive methods (the present-day condition in the energy market, to make).

б) Напишите пять вопросов к тексту упр. 21а.

Аудиторная работа № 3

22. а) Вставьте пропущенные предлоги, где это необходимо.

1. Goods in the market vary… price… the cheapest… the most expensive.

2. The price of a good varies… its quality.

3. The price of a good varies… as its supply changes.

4. The price of land varies… its supply.

5. Land varies… its quality.

6. These goods vary greatly… price.

7. Ore may vary greatly… iron content (содержание)… the richest… the poorest.

b) Вставьте в предложения слова to vary (с нужным предлогом), various или variety.

1. In the long run (долгосрочный период) all factors of production can be…

2. Economists know labour to have a… of functions.

3. Trade union organizations… greatly… country… country. The benefits general protection… advantages for some particular jobs.

4. The degree of economic activity of trade unions….. the country.

5. The average US supermarket has several thousand… goods on its shelves. To produce this great… of goods… machines and other inputs are needed.

6. Countries… greatly… the importance of primary commodities, that is products of farming and mining, for their economies.

23. Вставьте в предложения слова though, although, so, as, which, that, in order to.

а) 1. European butter prices are above the free market equilibrium price…. European governments have to purchase large supplies of butter… private demanders do not want to purchase.

2. Second and third TV sets are often purchased… enable each family member to watch different shows at the same time.

3. World supplies of some minerals are non-renewable… real prices will eventually have to rise… ration (ограничивать) increasingly scarce supplies.

4. In many developing countries, the factor with… they are better supplied is land… they can take advantage of the world economy by exporting goods… require intensive land use.

б) In the USA there is a serious problem… water supplies are usually not owned by specific users…. results in their competitive over-use (чрезмерное использование) by farms, factories, and towns… one user can sink a well (пробурить колодец) and drain all the water supplies… they may be needed for many miles around. On a larger scale (в большем масштабе), greatly lowered levels of underground water in western states are due to huge irrigation projects…. the local authorities are much worried and are taking due measures, the problem has grown very serious in the Great Plains, in south-central Arizona, and in some parts of California

в) Ответьте на вопрос:

What are lower water supplies in some areas of the USA due to?