In some way – каким-либо способом

property n собственность, имущество

abroad adv за границей, за границу

gross national product (GNP) валовой национальный продукт (ВНП) (ВВП плюс проценты, прибыли и дивиденды, полученные из-за рубежа)

while cj в то время как

average adj средний

standard of living; living standard жизненный уровень

however adv однако, тем не менее

distribution n распределение

assets и фонды; имущество; активы

wear out (wore, worn)v изнашиваться

depreciation n 1. износ (оборудования), амортизация; 2. снижение стоимости; обесценивание

replace v (smth by / with smth) заменять(что-л. чём-л.)

Coal was replaced by oil. – Уголь был заменен нефтепродуктами,

exist v существовать, быть

spending n расходы

since 1)prep and cj с, с тех пор как; 2) cj так как; поскольку

determine v определять, устанавливать

aggregate demand – совокупный спрос(совокупный спрос на все товары и услуги в экономике в какое– то определенное время)

make up (made, made) v составлять

considerable adj значительный; большой

add v (to smth) добавлять, прибавлять (к чему-л.)

tax n налог

taxation n налогообложение

fiscal policy – налоговая, фискальная, бюджетная политика (использование государственных расходов для воздействия на экономику государства в целом)

Аудиторная работа № 1

6. Назовите номера предложений, в которых инфинитив является определением, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. In some rural areas of the USA and Canada it is common practice to be employed on a farm and elsewhere at the same time.

2. When each unit of capital input costs £320 per week and each unit of labour input costs £300 per week, the cheapest way to produce 100 units of output is to use labour-intensive technology (трудоемкая технология).

3. The value of the total output to be produced in the public sector and the private sector will make up the gross national product.

4. We know the quantity of capital inputs to affect the total output.

5. Competing suppliers may maintain their prices at a low level to attract customers from a higher-price firm.

6. Imports may be raw materials for domestic production or the goods to be consumed directly by households, such as a Japanese television set or a bottle of French wine.

7. Переведите на русский язык предложения со словом there.

1. There may be a number of ways to solve the problem of scarce information resources.

2. There exists considerable unemployment in some economies while a lot of vacancies (вакансия, незанятое рабочее место) cannot be filled.

3. In the 1980s, there continued a rise in the GNP per person in all groups of countries.

4. Since government intervention in agriculture has grown, there have occurred considerable changes in grain markets both of the USA and Europe.

5. There is a large amount of economic activity that cannot be measured, such as household services and the underground economy.

6. There exists close (тесная) relationship between minimum wages and standard of living.

7. If there is a subsidy for housing, there may be an incentive for the landowner to transfer land from farming to housing.

8. There is unequal (неравный) income distribution within each country as well as between (different) countries.

8. Найдите среди английских словосочетаний эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний:

амортизация фондов, обложение собственности налогом, экономика в целом, отечественное производство, существующие фонды, средняя заработная плата, средняя семья, крупная собственность, собственность за рубежом

existing assets, fiscal policy, to replace assets, taxation of assets abroad, property taxation, depreciation measure, depreciation of assets, circular flow of payments, average household, household spending, taxes imposed on households, home production, property abroad, economy as a whole, average wage, domestic production rather than production abroad, household property, domestic production, considerable property

9. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов.

1. The (measure / way) in which the European Union's statistical system is adapting to requirements of the 21st century is of importance both inside and outside the European Union.

2. The marginal product of labour is how much each extra worker (adds to /makes up) total output.

3. In a dynamic political society old statistic systems have to be (replaced / determined) by new ones.

4. If a person can do what he wishes with his own (property / output), time, and energy, then economists say that he is economically free.

5. The price of a good in a market is (determined / measured) by the law of demand and supply

6. (Gross/aggregate) demand is the total amount of (spending/ depreciation) on (final / domestic) goods and services.

7. You and your family have an annual (годовой) income which allows you to consume various goods and services, live in a particular neighbourhood (район) and maintain a certain (standard of living/fiscal policy).

Задание на дом № 2

10. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на использование инфинитива.

1. Stabilization policy is government actions to control the level of output in order to keep the GNP close to its full-employment level.

2. Although money is a helpful tool to measure output, there may arise certain difficulties.

3. A: ting through their governments, societies can decide how much they want to take measures to change the distribution of income.

4. Economists consider capital to be the property owned by an individual or corporation at a given time.

5. Governments regulate the level of aggregate demand in order to maintain full employment and stimulate economic growth.

6. As taxes affect levels of prices for various groups of goods, they influence the way to allocate resources in the economy.

7. To calculate depreciation is necessary in order to know the value of the assets of an enterprise.

11. Вставьте в тексты (а) и (б) указанные ниже предлоги и союзы, где это необходимо:

in, to, of, while, by, who, which, on, since, through, where, however, for

а) Household is a group of people… make economic decisions together. In economic theory households have two roles: they enter the market as buyers or consumers… goods and services produced… firms and they provide… factor inputs… firms… order to produce those goods and services. The term «household» is used… national income analysis, supply and demand analysis it is replaced… the term «consumer»,

б) Black economy is nonmarket economic activity… is not included… the national income accounts, either because such activity does not pass… the market or because it is illegal. Illegal economic activity may exist in the usual price system… is determined… demand and supply. Examples may be the purchase and sale of illegal drags… the street, or alcohol… the US prohibition era… the 1920s.

…, some nonmarket activity is carried out… non-profit-making purposes. For example, a housewife provides services… her family. Other nonmarket activity is done… a barter basis, for example…. a mechanic selves a motor car of an electrician… in return helps the mechanic install light fittings (установить осветительную аппаратуру)… the house…. there has been no money paid, the activity does not add… the G DP and so does not exist for statistics.

в) Напишите пять вопросов к тексту (б).

г) Кратко передайте содержание текста (б).

12. Измените следующие предложения, используя формы страдательного залога.

1. Final goods absorb the value of intermediate components and services.

2. The GDP does not include the value of imported goods and services.

3. We won't rely upon the statistics provided by the agency.

4. Chemists and engineers are looking for alternative automobile fuels.

5. The natural resources examination data have made up the basis for a nationwide environment conservation project.

6. The government has distributed support among producers.

7. The government has to provide tax relief for smaller producers.

8. The US administration applies its farming support policies flexibly.

Аудиторная работа № 2

13. а) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту Circular Flow of Payments and National Income.

1. What process is known as the circular flow of payments?

2. What is the gross domestic product?

3. What is the gross national product?

4. What does the GNP indicate?

5. How is national income determined?

6. What is aggregate demand?

7. How do government activities affect the aggregate demand?

8. What is fiscal policy?

б) Подумайте и скажите:

1. Can the average standard of living reflect the actual way in which people of all social groups live?

2. How can government spending stimulate the development of a particular industry?

14. Заполните пропуски следующими словами и выражениями из словарного минимума к тексту Circular Flow of Payments and National Income в соответствующей форме:

household, while (2), to determine, to add to, asset, to make up (2), property, as a whole, since, spending, distribution

1. A worker receives his wages… the owner of the enterprise receives the profit from the whole business.

2. In comparing (сравнивать) national incomes it is not important which members of the population own these… and earn this income; in analyzing the… of incomes within a country it becomes important.

3… macroeconomic problems characterize the economy, they are more spoken about on television and in newspapers… microeconomic problems are of interest to a limited number of economists.

4. Labour should not be employed when additional employment… more… costs than revenue.

5. Individual income of wages and… earnings such as dividends, rent, etc.

6. The demand for labour by firms depends on its productivity which…… by the available technology and capital.

7. The aggregate demand of demand in the following three sectors of the economy: imt government, and business.

8. To reduce the budget deficit by £1 billion it is necessary to cut government… by 1 billion.

15. Вместо подчеркнутых определительных придаточных предложений используйте инфинитив.

ОБРАЗЕЦ: Measures that the government will take will not be popular. – > Measures to be taken by the government will not be popular.

1. This is the best method that we can use in order to compare the productivity of capital in different industries.

2. Engineers have developed a soya-based car fuel which is to replace petrol one day.

3. Intermediate goods are the goods that will be used as inputs in production of other goods.

4. Intermediate products are the goods and services that are not to be counted as part of the gross national product.

5. Final goods are the goods that will be consumed by end-users.

6. The purpose of a demand analysis which will have to be done is to determine which products the company can sell and at what price.

7. The labour supply is a measure which can be offered at given wages at a certain time.

8. Labour supply is determined by the number of workers who will be available for commercial production and the average number of hours that can be worked by available workers.

16. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.

1. Taxes have a great effect on the way

2. Economists consider the value of total output of the public sector as well as the private sector

3. The GDP is the basic measure

4. In most countries higher living standards of the typical man rather than

5. Import is a good which is produced abroad

6. One person's spending must be

7. Individual incomes come either from working or from property

8. When industries were first nationalized in Britain, many of them after the Second World War, the governments' aim was

a. their international image are of prime importance.

b. someone else's income.

c. to provide conditions under which nationalized industries could not be run directly by ministers, but through boards of directors with a considerable measure of managerial independence.

d. society allocates its scarce resources.

e. which earns rent, dividends, and interest.

f. to make up the gross national product.

g. and which is then transported to and sold in the home market.

h. of the total output of goods and services in the economy.

Задание на дом № 3

17. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The aggregate price level is a measure of the average level of prices of goods and services in the economy, relative to their prices at some particular date in the past.

2. The amount of information to be used in measuring the GNP is enormous, and there are always errors in collecting and adding up numbers. So, aggregate data – the data that represent the whole economy – can never be fully accurate and complete.

3. Material goods and services make up only a part of a person's welfare. Besides, there should be available such costless rights as freedom of speech and others.

4. In the 1980s British workers in the gas and electricity industries earned £20 a week more than the national average wage and earned considerably more than workers in the textile industry.

5. The primary sector together with the industrial sector and the service sector form a chain of economic activities which make up a whole economy

6. They believe there are considerable advantages to be obtained from increasing the size of the enterprise.

7. Due to taxes, part of the income of households to be spent on consumer goods and services is reduced.

18. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Совокупное предложение зависит от рынков товаров и труда.

2. Следует знать средний темп увеличения зарплаты в год.

3. После покупки предприятия в прошлом месяце новый владелец не стал заменять всю управленческую команду немедленно.

4. Увеличение государственных расходов и заимствований (borrowing) оказывает некоторое воздействие на процентные ставки (interest rates), которые будут предложены банками.

5. Модель кругооборота дохода показывает, как, в денежном выражении, семьи покупают товары и услуги у фирм, используя доход, полученный от поставки фирмам факторов производства.

6. Средние прямые правительственные выплаты американским фирмам в субсидируемых отраслях колеблются в зависимости от размера фирмы.

7. Хотя власти США наложили некоторые ограничения на импорт зерна из Европейского Союза, нет никаких доказательств, что это в значительной степени сократило экспорт из ЕС.

19. а) Вставьте пропущенные предлоги, частицы и союзы, где это необходимо.

Economic growth is usually measured… terms… an increase… the real GNP or GDP over time or an increase… income… head over time. The latter measure relates (соотносить) increases… total output to changes… the population. If total output rises faster than the increase… population, there will be an improvement… average standards… living.

The importance… economic growth is… its contribution… the general wealth… society… a whole. Growth is desirable… it lets the society… consume more private and public goods and services (health and education), improving… real standards… living. However, rapid economic growth can also contribute… using… natural resources and adds… environmental pollution.