- •Unit 1. What are oil and natural gas?
- •1.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •1.2. Study the terms
- •1.3. Read and translate the text what are oil and natural gas?
- •1.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •1.5. Answer the questions
- •1.6. Match the words and their definitions
- •1.7. Translate into English
- •1.8. Unscramble the words
- •1.9. Arrange the words in the correct order
- •1.10. Insert the correct auxiliary verbs
- •1.11. Find at least 12 hidden words, please
- •1.12. Supply the missing word parts and translate the expressions
- •Unit 2. Exploration
- •2.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •2.2. Study the terms
- •2.3. Read and translate the text exploration
- •2.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •2.5. Answer the questions
- •2.6. Translate into English
- •2.7. Guess the words by the definitions given below
- •2.8. Fill in the prepositions
- •2.9. Mark the correct boundaries of the words
- •2.10. Unscramble the words and translate the sentences
- •Unit 3. Creating a drill site
- •3.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •3.2. Study the terms
- •3.3. Read and translate the text creating a drill site
- •3.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •3.5. Translate into English
- •3.6. Match the words and their definitions
- •3.7. Answer the questions
- •3.8. Find at least 16 hidden words, please
- •3.9. Supply the missing word parts and translate the expressions
- •3.10. Enter the words that have one common letter
- •Unit 4. Drilling rigs
- •4.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •4.2. Study the terms
- •4.3. Read and translate the text drilling rigs
- •4.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •4.5. Fill in the blanks
- •4.6. Translate into English
- •4.7. Guess the words by the definitions given below
- •4.8. Speak about any type of drilling rigs
- •4.9. Arrange the words in the correct order
- •4.10. There are at least 15 hidden words, try to find them, please
- •Unit 5. Advanced drilling techniques
- •5.1. Learn the new words and expressions
- •5.2. Study the terms
- •5.3. Read and translate the text advanced drilling techniques
- •5.4. Find the equivalents in the text
- •5.5. True or false?
- •5.6. Match the words and their definitions
- •5.7. Translate into English
- •5.8. There are at least 15 hidden words, try to find them, please
2.3. Read and translate the text exploration
There isn't any way to be absolutely sure where new oil and natural gas reserves are located, so petroleum engineers need to collect clues as to what lies deep beneath the earth's surface. Advanced technology has revolutionized the exploration process for oil and natural gas, and helps them pinpoint potential reserves with greatly improved accuracy. This results in fewer wells, and lowered exploration costs.
Engineers can gather above-ground clues using airplanes and satellites to map the surface, to identify promising geological formations, and to look for oil and natural gas seeps. Ships can do the same for the ocean floor.
But engineers often get much more useful information by looking at geological structures and rock properties below the surface. They use a number of strategies including:
Seismic Surveys
Seismic surveys are done by sending high-energy sound waves into the ground and measuring how long they take to reflect back to the surface. Since sound travels at different speeds as it passes through different materials, computers can use seismic data to create a 3-D map of what lies below the surface.
Geologists and geophysicists – known as "explorationists" – use these 3-D seismic images to look for accumulations of oil and natural gas. Engineers then use the data to plan the safest, most cost-effective well path to the reservoir.
Once a reservoir has been located and put into production, a series of 3-D seismic surveys can be taken over time to see if all of the oil and natural gas reserves are being efficiently drained. If not, additional wells can be drilled to produce these bypassed pockets of reserves. While seismic data are extremely useful to geologists, these surveys are also very expensive.
Exploration Wells
When the data indicate a likely site for oil and natural gas reserves, an exploration well is often drilled. Rock samples from the well are brought to the surface and analyzed. Well logs measure the electrical, magnetic and radioactive properties of the rocks.
By examining this information, a geologist can learn a great deal about the sub-surface structures and whether or not the site is likely to produce oil and natural gas in economic or "paying" quantities.
Gravity and Geomagnetic Surveys
These relatively inexpensive techniques can identify potential oil and natural gas bearing sedimentary basins and structures. High-resolution aero-magnetic surveys done by special aircraft can also show fault traces and differentiate between different rock types near the surface.
2.4. Find the equivalents in the text
Инженер-нефтяник; собирать информацию; передовая технология; выявлять потенциальные запасы; затраты на разведку месторождения; места просачивания на поверхность нефти и газа; свойства породы; сейсморазведка; измерять; звук распространяется с разной скоростью; скопления нефти и природного газа; данные сейсморазведки; с наименьшими затратами; вводить в разработку; дорогостоящий; бурить разведочную скважину; гравиметрическая и геомагнитная разведка; различать.