I dwelt alone
In a world of moan,
And my soul was a stagnant tide,
Till the fair and gentle Eulalie became my blushing bride –
Till the yellow-haired young Eulalie became my smiling bride.
Ah, less – less bright
The stars of night
Than the eyes of the radiant girl!
And never a flake
That the vapor can make
With the moon-tints of purple and pearl
Can vie with the modest Eulalie’s most unregarded curl,
Can compare with the bright-eyed Eulalie’s most humble and careless curl.
(E.A. Poe)
2. State the type and functions of graphical SDs:
- “The Count”, explained the German officer, “expegs you chentlemen at eight-dirty.”
- We’ll teach the children to look at things. Don’t let the world pass you by, I shall tell them. For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for the laaaaarge sun.
- “ALL your troubles are over, old girl”, he said. “We can put a bit of now for a rainy day.
STYLISTICS
SEMINAR 5
MORPHOLOGICAL STYLISTICS
1. Stylistic potentialities of categories and forms of different parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective.
2. Stylistic analysis on the morphemic level (morphemic repetition, extention of morphemic valency).
B. Point out the cases of stylistically relevant use of morphological forms:
1. The young Negro nodded. ‘Her father is Mr. Mark Preyscott. The Pretscott. That’s right, miss, isn’t it?’
(A. Hailey)
2. То я воображаю себя уже на свободе, вне нашего дома. Я поступаю в гусары и иду на войну. Со всех сторон на меня несутся враги, я размахиваюсь саблей и убиваю одного, другой взмах – убиваю другого, третьего…
(Л. Толстой)
3.
Sun of the Sleepless
Sun of the sleepless! Melancholy star!
Whose tearful beam glows tremulously far,
That show’st the darkness thou canst not dispel,
How like art thou to joy, remember’d well!
So gleams the past, the light of other days,
Which shines, but warns not with its powerless rays;
A night-beam sorrow watcheth to behold,
Distinct, but distant – clear – but, oh how cold!
(Byron)
4. The look on her face, such as he had never seen there before, such as she had always hidden from him was full of secret resentments, and longings, and fears.
(Mitchell)
5. Mr. Pickwick is kindness itself.
6. Every little colony of houses has its church and school-house peeping from among the white roofs and shady trees; every house is the whitest of the white; every venetian blind the greenest of the green; every fine day’s sky the bluest of the blue.
(Dickens)
7. She is all patience, you’re all activity.
8. To his surprise, Mr. Ford leaped into the air with a “You don’t say so!” and the next moment, with both hands, was shaking Martin’s head effusively.
(London)
9. June stood in front… - a little bit of a thing as somebody said – all hair and spirit, with fearless blue eyes, a firm jaw, and a bright colour, whose face and body seemed too slender for her crown of her red-gold hair.
10. I am a bad man, a wicked man, but she is worse. She is really bad. She is bad, she is badness. She is Evil. She not only is evil, but she is Evil.
11. We were sitting in the cheapest of all the cheap restaurants that cheapen that very cheap and noisy street.
(Maugham)
12. We are overbrave and overfearful, overfriendly and at the same time frightened of strangers, we are oversentimental and realistic.
13. The girls could not take off their panama hats because this was not far from the school gates and hatlessness was an offence.
14. Militant feminists grumble that history is exactly what it says – His-story and not Her story at all.
15. “…I mean I want you to be sure and see the kiddie. I’ve got three.”
“I’ve seen their pictures,” said Bartelett. “You must be very proud of them. They’re all girls, aren’t they?”
“Yes, sir. Three girls. I wouldn’t have a boy. I mean I always wanted girls. I mean girls have got a lot more zip to them. I mean they’re a lot zipper. But let’s go. The Rolls is downstairs and if we start now we’ll get there before dark. I mean I want you to see the place while it’s still daylight.
16. What she did not like in George was his essential Georgeness.
(Wodehouse)
STYLISTICS
SEMINAR 6
Lexical Stylistic Devices
1. Lexical SDs: definition, classification. The theory of transference of meaning. The structure, semantics and functions of lexical SDs.
Point out lexical SDs in the following sentences. Analyse their structure, semantics, functions.
Scobe turned up James Street past the Secretariat. With its long balconies it has always reminded him of a hospital. For 15 years he had watched the arrival of a succession of patients: periodically at the end of 18 months certain patients were sent home yellow and nervy, and others took their place – Colonial Secretaries, Secretaries of Agriculture, Treasurers, and Directors of Public Works. He watched their temperature charts – the first outbreak of unreasonable temper, the drink too many, the sudden attack for principle after a year of acquiescence. The black clerks carried their bedside manner like doctors down the corridors: cheerful and respectful, they put up with any insult. The patient was always right.
(Green)
And the skirts! What a sight were those skirts! They were nothing but vast decorated pyramids; on the summit of each was stuck the upper half of a princess.
I am the new year. I am an unspoiled page in your book of time. I am your next chance at the art of living.
Autumn comes
And trees are shedding their leaves,
And Mother Nature blushes
Before disrobing.
He made his way through the perfume and conversation.
There had to be a survey. It cost me a few hundred pounds for the right pockets.
“Rest, me dear, - rest. That’s one of the most important things. There are three doctors in an illness like yours”, he laughed in anticipation of his joke. “I don’t mean only myself, my partner and the radiologist who does your X-rays, the three I’m referring to are Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air”.
George, Sixth Viscount Uffenham, was a man built on generous lines. It was as though Nature has originally intended to make two Viscounts but has decided half way through to use all the material at one go, and get the things over with. In shape he resembled a pear, being reasonably narrow at the top but getting wider all the way down and culminating in a pair of boots of the outsize or violin-case type. Above his great spreading steppes of body there was poised a large and egglike head, the bald dome of which rose like some proud mountain peak from a foothill fringe of straggling hair. His upper lip was very long and straight, his chin pointed.
And one of the other side of me the dogs crouched down with a move-if-you-dare expression in their eyes.
In imagination he heard his father’s rich and fleshy laugh.
Doc has the hands of a brain surgeon and a cool warm mind… He was concupiscent as a rabbit and gentle as a hell.
“I was such a lonesome girl until you came”, she said. “There’s not a single man in all this hotel that is half alive”.
“But I’m not a single man”, Mr. Topper replied cautiously.
“Oh, I don’t mean that”, she laughed. “And anyway I hate single men. They always propose marriage.”
Little Jon was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was rather curly and large.
Here and there a Joshua tree stretched out hungry black arms as though to seize these travelers by night, and over that gray waste a dismal wind moaned constantly chill and keen and biting.
STYLISTICS
SEMINAR 7
Syntactical Stylistics
1. Syntactical SDs: definition, classification. The structure and functions of syntactical stylistic devices.
2. The length and structure of a sentence.
3. Narrative compositional forms.
B. Point out syntactical SDs. Analyse their structure, types and functions.
1. It was wretched weather; stormy and wet, stormy and wet; mud, mud, mud, deep in all the streets. (Dickens)
2. She was crazy about you. In the beginning. (R.P. Warren)
3. Most of our lives end as a compromise – it was as a compromise that his life began. (Fitzgerald)
4. By the time he had got all the bottles and dishes and knives and forks and glasses and plates and spoons and things piled up on big trays, he was getting very hot, and red in the face, and annoyed. (A. Tolkein)
5. Of all my old association, of all my old pursuits and hopes, of all the living and the dead world, this one poor soul alone comes natural to me.
6. Living is the art of loving.
Loving is the art of caring.
Caring is the art of sharing.
Sharing is the art of living. (W.H. Davies)
7. For twenty-seven years Pollard had crushed every Deep Rock Union, using law, using the government, using starvation, blackmail, murder.
8. Women are not made for attack. Wait they must. (O. Wilde)
9. Passing the more feverish parts o0f the city towards the most perfect backwater in London he ruminated. Money was extraordinarily tight; and morality extraordinarily loose!
10. How many sympathetic souls can you reckon on in the world? One in ten – one in a hundred – one in a thousand – in ten thousand?
11. I live in a well. I live like smoke in the well. Like vapor in a stone throat. I don’t move. I don’t do anything but wait.
12. He never tired of the presence of the pictures, they represented a substantial saving in death duties.
13. What I had seen of Patti didn’t really contradict Kitty’s view of her: a girl who means well, but…
14. What courage can withstand the everduring and all besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue?
15. And we got down at the bridge. White cloudy sky, with mother-of-pearls veins. Pearl rays shooting through, green and blue-white. River roughed by a breeze. White as a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth pin-silver upstream.
16. I like big parties. They’re so intimate. At small parties there isn’t any privacy.
17. The Turnpike road became a lane, the lane became a cart-track, the cart-track a bridle-path, the bridle-path a footway, the footway overgrown.
18. I will recruit for myself and you as I go,
I will scatter myself among men and women as I go.
19. “Mankind,” says a Chinese manuscript, which my friend was obliging enough to read and explain to me, “for the first 70 000 ages ate their meat raw.”
20. He woke. June had gone! James had said he would be lonely. James had always been a poor thing. He recollected with satisfaction that he had bought that house over James’ head. Serve him right for sticking at the price; the only thing that fellow thought of was money. Had he given too much, though? It wanted a lot of doing to --- He dared say he wanted all his money before he had done with this affair of James. He ought never to have allowed the engagement.
21. Old Jolyon was on the alert at once. Wasn’t the man of property going to live in his new house, then? He never alluded to Soams now but under this title.
“No – June said – he was not, she knew that she was not!
How did she know?
She could not tell him, but she knew. She knew nearly for certain. It was not unlikely; circumstances had changed.
22. A maid came in now with a blue gown, very thick and soft. Could she do anything for Miss Freeland? No, thanks, she could not, only did she know where Mr. Freeland’s room was?
STYLISTICS
SEMINAR 8
Functional Stylistics. The Newspaper Style.
1. functional stylistics, functional style: definition. Classification of functional styles.
2. Formal and informal functional varieties of the language, their distinctive features. Correlation of functional varieties and forms of speech (written and oral).
3. The newspaper style, its pragmatics. Distinctive features of the style. The substyles. Composition of a newspaper text.
B. 1. Choose any 2 classifications of functional styles, study them and represent them in the form of schemes. Compare the two classifications.
2. Define the genre of the following texts and analyse their peculiarities:
(1) VAUXHALL WORKERS VOTE TO STRIKE
Five thousand of Vauxhall workers at Ellesmere Port yesterday backed a call by two-to-one for an all-out strike in nine days’ time unless the company increases its pay offer beyond 10 per cent. (Morning Star)
(2) DIRECTOR ‘TRIED TO BRIBE’ COUNCIL OFFICIAL
Michael Smith, aged 33, a company director, was fined $ 5000 at York Crown Court yesterday for attempting to corrupt a council official. He was said to have stuffed a $ 1.000 “tip” into the official’s pocket in return for sending his company advertisements about future contracts.
The official Mr. Edward Knapp, an engineer employed by North Weld Borough Council, refused to accept the money and told his supervisors, it was stated.
Mr. Smith, of Green Lane, who runs a contracting business with his brother, Charles, aged 41, was found guilty of corruptly offering money. Charles Smith was acquitted of a similar offence. The money was offered, it was stated, when the brothers’ company completed a drainage contract at Bridlington.
Michael Smith was alleged to have told Mr. Knapp that they would like to receive advertisements for other contracts in the area and were told that that could be done as a normal practice. (The Times)
What is the gist of the news story and how is the main idea developed in the text?
Discuss the compositional structure of the item, its component parts, the inner structure of the paragraphs and their relations with one another.
Discuss the syntactical characteristics of the text.
Comment on the use of inverted commas.
Discuss the vocabulary peculiarities of the text.
THE STENCH OF REACTION
Reactionary poison is peddled under deceptive labels. It is sold as a cure for the ills of society, a guaranteed way of saving democracy, human rights and national security. Obviously, if it were sold for what it really is, the people would not buy it.
Reaction has its seers and prophets. Felix Rohatyn, banker, retiring chairman of “Big Mac”, the ripoff Municipal Assistance Corporation, who helped put over the biggest robbery of New York’s people is one such seer. Rohatyn has a “message”.
His call Nov. 1 for a “national leader” to impose “wartime austerity program”, did not go unheeded. It is not odd that newspapers so different in tone as The New York Times and New York Daily News responded with alacrity.
Both papers printed extensive excerpts from Rohatyn’s speech on their front pages Thursday.
Rohatyn claims the country needs the harsh treatment meted out to New York City, when police firefighters and others were gotten rid of, services critically slashed, and heavy, additional financial burdens put on the people.
Actually, Rohatyn and his gang saved nothing, they just bloated the bankers’ and other big business interests’ profits.
Today New York City is in an even deeper crisis than before. One out of eight people in the city is on welfare and according to city, another million people are eligible.
The Board of Education is preparing to close some 60 more schools, and the bankers are ready for a new killing.
Rohatyn is peddling lies that delude. The country needs action, but not the kind he proposes. It needs mass action for a people’s program of raising the standard of living and enlarging democratic rights. It needs policies which restrain bankers like Rohatyn from putting over big business robberies like Big Mac! (Daily World)
What is the gist of this editorial?
What is the editorial opinion on the New York City crisis and on banker Rohatyn’s standpoint? Through what language means is it expressed? Discuss the lexical means of appraisal and SDs.
Point out newspaper clichés.
Point out the language means that help to sustain the unity of the text. Discuss the compositional structure of the text.
STYLISTICS
SEMINAR 9
Functional Stylistics
1. Characteristics of functional styles (function, extralinguistic factors, lexical and syntactical peculiarities):
the publicistic style;
the scientific style;
the style of official documents.
1. Define the style and genre of the following texts and analyse their peculiarities:
to: bank for foreign economic affairs moscow
message date 10 – jan – 2003
attn: foreign dept
your reference … we acknowledge receipt of your itr
dated 12/28/2002 for 1,105 00/ usd favor of…
we are investigating this item under our reference …
on any future correspondence please quote our above
regards
citybank, n.y.
Various categories of style are recognized – ‘formal’, ‘informal’, ‘intimate’, etc. They are referred to as functional varieties of the language, and their investigation termed functional stylistics.
Functional stylistics is the study of the linguistic features of utterances that correlate with the non-verbal context of the speech activity. Context includes not only physical setting (e.g., a business office), but also social relationship between the interlocutors (e.g., employer – employee). Functional styles do not so much manifest the negative goal of effacement of speaker idiosyncracies as the positive goal of the speaker’s accommodation of his language to his interlocutors. The approach is functional in the basic mathematical sense of the relation between two different sets of elements connected by a rule which assigns to each member of the first set, the independent variable, a single member of the second set, the dependent variable. In stylistic investigations the sociophysical setting is typically the dependent variable, and the linguistic features (style markers) the dependent variable. (William O. Hendricks. Grammars of Style and Styles of Grammar).
Decree
ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT VENTURES
11. Partners in Property and Rights of Joint Ventures.
7. A joint venture shall have a statute approved by its partners. The statute shall specify the nature of the joint venture, the objectives of its operation, the legal address, the list of partners, the amount of the authorized fund, the shares of partners therein, the procedure for raising the authorized fund (including foreign currency contents), the structure, composition and competence of the venture’s management bodies, the decision-making procedure, the range of issues to be unanimously settled, and the joint venture liquidation procedure. The statute may incorporate other provisions related to the specific character of joint venture’s operations unless these are contrary to Russian law.