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Vocabulary

monarch - монарх government - правительство the supreme authority - верховная власть legislature - законодательная власть executive - исполнительная власть judiciary - судебная власть derive - получки, извлексть general election - всеобщие выборы precedent - прецедент

Questions

1. What form of Government is there in Britain?

2. What are the organs of the British Govermment?

3. What elements does the British Parliamen consist of?

4. What is the legislature?

5. What does the executive con"ist of?

6. Where does the Government derive its authority from?

7. How often must a general election be held?

8. Who becomes leader of the Opposition?

9. Is the British Constitution peculiar?

Us political system

The United States of America, a federation of 50 states was set up by the Constitution in 1787. Under the Constitution, the federal government is divided into three branches.

The legislative power is vested in Congress. It is made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 100 senators and 435 members in the House of Representatives. Both houses must approve the bill for it to become a law. But before each bill is sorted by a committee. There are 16 standing committees in the Senate and 20 in the House of Representatives.

The executive branch is headed by the President, who proposes bill to Congres, enforces federal laws, administers national government, makes treates, serves as commandcr-in-chief of the armed forces and appoints higher officers. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him. The President is the head of the Cabinet which today has eleven members.

The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts. 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal Courts decide cases involving federal law conflicts between states or between states or between citizens of different states. The Supreme Court may rule the law to be unconstitutional.

The Sectors are elected by popular vote for a term of six years two from each state, the Representatives are elected for two-year terms.

The President is chosen in nation-wide elections every four years together with the Vice-President.

Vocabulary

to vest in - облачить

  • to approve- одобрить

  • bill - законопроект

  • standing army - постоянная армия

  • to administer - управлять

  • to veto - наложить запрет

  • Supreme Court - Верховный Суд

  • popular vote - всенародное голосование

Rf state system

The Russian Federative Republic is set up by the Constitution of 1993. Under the Constitution Russia is a Presidential Republic. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.

The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation. The Lower Chamber is the State Duma (a Constituent Assembly). Kach Chamber is headed by a speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers. But to become a law a bell must be approved by both chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.

The President serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he makes treates, enforces federal laws, appoints members of the executive departments to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to choose the Ministers who are responsible for framing Government policy.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court.

The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four- year period.

Today the state symbol of Russia is a three coloured banner. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the fbmer symbols in 1991. The hymn of Russia is "The Patriotic Song" by M. Glinka. A new national emblem is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ryricovitchies. So far all these symbols are unofficial. They have not been approved by the Federal Assembly.