Education in russia

Citizens of Russia have the right to education which is guaranteed by the Constitution and ensured by the broad development of compulsory secondary education, vocational, specialized secondary and higher education, by the development of extramural, correspondence and evening courses, by the provisions of state scholarships, grants ard previleges for students.

In Russia there is a nine-year compulsory education, but to enter a university one has to study two years more.

School starts at the age of six for Russian children. But most of them have leamt letters in kindergarten which is now part of primary school. Primary and secondary schools together comprise eleven years of study. Bveiy school has a "core curriculum" of Russian, mathematics, science, FT. A variety of elective subjects are taught at lyceums ard gymnasiums.

After finishing secondary school, lycenm or gymnasium one can go on to higher education. All applicants must take competitive examinations. Entrence examinations are held in July and August. Higher educational institutions are headed by Rectors. Prorectors are in charge of the academic and scientific work. Higher educational unstitutions train undergraduates and graduate students in one or several specializations. The faculties are headed by the Deans. There are departments within faculties. The system of higher education in Russia is going through a transitional period. The main objectives of the reform are: decentralization of the higher education system, development of the autonomy of higher educational institutions, expantion of academic freedoms of faculties and students, development of new financial mechanism. All Russian schools until recently have been state-subsidized.

In the terms of the ration of students to the total population Russia ranks among the top ten countries in the world.

The Russian educational policy is a combination of economic and social objectives. An educated person contributes more to the society and education on the otiher hand gives a person the prospect for professional advance. The citizens of Russia show a great concern for education for themselves and their children. Institutions of higher education include: technical training schools, teachers training colleges, universities which offer master's and doctoral, degrees programmes. The faculties have specialized councils for conferring advanced academic degrees.

The city of orel

Orel is one of the regional centres of the Russian Federation which lies 382 km south from Moscow on a picturescue site at the confluence of the Oka and Orlik rivers with a popllation ofabot 4000,000. Now Orel is a large industrial and '' cultura city.

Orel was founded in 1566 as an outpost 'to protect the southern borders of the Russian State. In the course of its more than four hundred years Orel witnessed many historical events and figured in quite a few of them.

Orel is the birth place of Ivan Turgenev, the great Russian writer interlinked with the city is the life and creative work of many wonderful Russian writers and poets such as Nikolai Leskov and Leonid Andreyev, Ivan Bunin, the Nobel Prise I.aureate, Michait Prishvin, Feeder Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet who have purified the noble spirit of the Russian people and the beauty of Russian landscape.

Among points of interest in Ihe city are the Turgenev Literary Museum, the Leskov Museum, the Bunin Museum, the Museum of Orel writers, the Museum of Fine A rts, the Muselm of Regional Studies, the Museum of N .Russanov, one of the Russian polar explorer, the Turgenev Drama Theatre, one of the oldest theatres in Russia.

The best examples of Russian architecture of the lath century are St.Michait and Angels cathedral and St.Boris and deb's church.

There are some higher schools, many colleges and middle schools in our city, for example, the Politechnic Institute, the Teacher's Training Institute, the Institute of Culture, the Commercial Institute the Agricultural Institue. Orel is a very green city and there are many forests around it. The most popular kinds of sports in Orel are skiing skating, cycle racing, gliding, football, gymnastics, acrobatics, horse racing and touring. Our city has the proud nam" Orel that means «eagle» in English. You are welcome to the city of Orel.

January

New Year's Day celebrates the start of а new year. Americans celebrate New Year's Day on the fist day of January, but the celebration actually begins on December 31, New Year's JBve, the night before New Year's Day. I like New Year's Eve, because my parents allow me to stay up until midnight. Some people stay up all night! We blow honia and whistles at midnight to annaunce the beginning of a new year. Some people shake hands, kiss, hug, sing, and shout "Happy New Year!"

January 15, Americans celebrate the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. He was a minister wire fought against racial discrimination. He said that a person's character is more important than the color of his skin. He is very important to me, because his hometown is Atlanta too. To remember Martin Luther King, many Americans go to church or participate in public ceremonies.

New Words

adually - фактически, на самом деле

eve - канун

to allow - позволять, разрешать

to stay up-не ложиться

to blow (biew-blown ) homs and whistles - дуть в рожки и свистки

midnight - полночь

to announce - объявлять

to hug - крепко обнимать

to fight (fought/ - бороться

skin- кожа

church - церковь

to participate - участвовать

public ceremonies - народные шествия

February

One of my favorite holidays is Valentine's Day. We celebrate this holiday on February 14. It is a day of love and friendship. We send greeting cards to our sweethearts and friends and ask them to "Be My Valentine." This means "be my friend or love". We also decorate our classrooms with big red hearts and give red loses and chocolate to our sweethearts, friends and family.

On the third Monday in February, we selebrate Presidents Day. This holiday honors two of our greatest presidents, George Washington, our first president, and Abraham Lincoln, our sixteenth president. Both presidents are famous for their honesty.

Will you be my Valentine?