kontrolnaya_po_anglyskomu_yazyku

INTERNET AND MODERN LIFE

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows

that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundred of millions

of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military

experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything

around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for

any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the

Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another.

Because of this any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch

with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology

was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the

information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for

millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It

is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately,

nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there

are hundred of millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people

use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it

either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services

are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated

news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable,

alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own

system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over

the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they

only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international

calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a

commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can

work through the internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However there are some problems. The most important problem is security.

When you send an e-mail your message can travel through many different networks

and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination

by special computers called routers. Because of this it is possible to get into

any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being

sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwithstanding,

these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

2 2

Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective

control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating

through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future

the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed

in two words. an anarchist's dream.

POLICE ACADEMY IN NEW YORK

The principal agency for carrying out the education and training function

within New York City Police Department (anorganization of almost 35.000 police

and civilian personnel) is Academy.

Five sections organize the work of the Academy: Recruit training section

Advanced and specialized training section; firearms section; training services

section and administrative section. The key units are the first three.

The Academy works at the Police Academy building 235 East 20th Street,

New York City, which was built in 1964. The police laboratory is on the eighth

floor. The fifth floor is principally devoted to classrooms. The master desk is on

the third floor. The auditorium, with 495 seats, the police museum and a recruit

master desk share the second floor and the first floor is occupied by the gymnasium

and open campus. The pool is located in the basement, as are the physical

school offices and a garage with accommodation for 38 cars.

The usual routine consists of 3 hours per day of physical training for the recruit

and 4 hours per day of academic training. (They have a 50-minute class period).

The current academic program in the recruit curriculum is divided into 5

parts and consists of 312 hours of academic instruction. There are, in addition,

192 hours of physical instruction and 56 hours in firearms, making a total recruit

program of 560 hours.

The recruit makes acquaintance of the development of legal process in society

(e. g. cooperation with government agencies, the courts, criminal law and

modus operandi, etc.). Police recruit training includes subject matter which will

provide a better understanding of human behavior and which will develop

proper attitudes on the part of police (psychology and the police, human relations,

crime and delinquency causation, police ethics, etc.).

NATIONAL EMBLEMS

England The national emblem of England is the red rose. It was the emblem

of two most powerful feudal families – the House of Lancaster and the

House of York. The Lancastrians had the emblem of the red rose, the Yorkists’

emblem was the white rose. The struggle between the families for the English

throne lasted for 30 years and was called the War of the Roses (1455–1485).

The rivalry between the Roses ended by the marriage of Henry VII (the Lancastrian)

with Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV (the Yorkist). The red

rose has since become the national emblem of England.

2 3

Scotland The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland. According to

a legend the people of that country chose the plant because it saved their land

from foreign invaders many years ago.

In very ancient times the Northmen once landed somewhere on the east

coast of Scotland to conquer the country. The invaders intended to attack the

Scottish soldiers by surprise. So they took off their shoes so as to make the least

noise possible. But one of the Northmen stepped on a thistle. The sudden and

sharp pain he felt caused him to shout. The alarm was given in the Scottish

camp. Thus the invaders’ plans were destroyed. That’s why the thistle was taken

as the national emblem of Scotland.

Wales Welshmen all over the world celebrate St David’s Day by wearing

either leeks or daffodils. The link between the leek and St David is the belief

that he is supposed to have lived for several years on bread and wild leek.

The daffodil is also closely associated with St David, due to the belief that

it flowers on that day. It becomes an alternative to the leek as a Welsh emblem

in the 20th century, because some thought the leek vulgar.

Ireland The emblem of Ireland is the shamrock. The Ireland wear the emblem

on St Patrick’s Day, March 17, in memory of Ireland’s patron saint.

A popular idea is that when St Patrick explained the doctrine of the Trinity

to the pagan Irish, he used the shamrock, a small white clover bearing three

leaves on one stem, as an illustration of the mystery.

ANDREW LLOYD WEBBER

Andrew Lloyd Webber is one of the outstanding contemporary English

composers. He is famous for his electric, rock-based works which helped revitalize

British and American musical theatre in the late 20th century. Lloyd Webber

was born on March 22, 1948 in London. He studied in Magdalen College,

Oxford, and at the Royal College of Music. While a student he began collaborating

with Timothy Rice on dramatic productions. Rice wrote the lyrics to

Lloyd Webber's music. Their pop oratorio for children earned world-wide

popularity. It was followed by the rock opera "Jesus Christ Superstar" (1971),

an extremely popular work that blended classical forms with rock music to tell

the story of Jesus' life. This show was one of the longest-running musicals

in Britain.

In his next major musical, "Cats" (1981), Lloyd Webber set to music verses

from a children's book by T.S. Eliot. It is about the life of cats that love and

suffer like people. "Cats" became the longest-running musical in the history of

British theatre. They eclipsed all other performances staged in Britain and

America for many years. In 1986 Lloyd Webber composed a hugely popular

musical version of "The Phantom of the Opera". This musical strikes the spectators'

imagination with superb music, powerful and captivating melodies, which

have become classical.

2 4

Lloyd Webber's other musicals include "Song and Dance" (1982), "Starlight

Express" (1984) and "Aspects of Love" (1989).

Lloyd Webber's best musicals were brilliant spectacles that featured vivid

melodies and forceful dramatic staging. He was able to blend such disparate

genres as rock and roll, English music-hall song, and operatic forms into music

that had a wide popular appeal.

In 1992 Queen Elizabeth II dubbed Webber a knight.

ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton, the man of powerful mathematical ability, was born

into a family of a farmer in 1642, the year Galileo died. The early days of

Isaac's life were rather unhappy. The child was so weak and slow-witted

that his grandmother had pity on him and didn't send him to school till the

boy was twelve. While at school and later at Cambridge Newton studied

with no particular distinction, though he was extremely skilful in making

models, intricate mechanical toys, sunclocks and so on.

His first "tutor" in science and the man who impressed Isaac most by his

great charm and popularity was Descartes, who died when Newton was eight

years old. Descartes' powerful imagination had enabled him to write not only serious

scientific papers but a great number of popular scientific books and even

science-fiction novels. In his serious scientific papers Descartes was able to concentrate

the most advanced scientific ideas of his time widely ranging from philosophy

to many fields of exact sciences including physics. In his fancy-novels

the features of real and imaginable worlds were so fantastically interconnected

that Isaac Newton was completely carried away by this brilliant, charming,

powerfully clever and so popular Frenchman in those years. Descartes' influence

on Newton can be felt in all the latter's works and through all his life. As to

scientific ideas it was much later, that Newton understood the weakness of Descartes'

approach to solution of specific problems.

Newton was personally an extremely odd character, very reserved and even

secretive. He never married. He knew enough to make him very self-critical, but

this made him even more resentful of the criticism of other people.

In 1684, Halley, Newton's friend, offered a prize for the solution of the celestial

body motion problem. Many men led up to it, but only one had the genius

to find the answer to it. That genius was Isaac Newton who had attracted little

notice of before that.

ADAM SMITH

Adam Smith, the great political economist and philosopher, was born in a

small fishing town near Edinburgh, in Scotland, on June 5, 1723. His father was a

customs officer, but he died before his son was born. In 1751 Smith was appointed

professor of logic at Glasgow University, and in a year he was transferred to the

2 5

chair of moral philosophy. His lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence

and political economy, or "police and revenue". In 1759 he published

his Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This

work was about those standards of ethical conduct that hold society together,

with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives and activities under a

beneficent Providence.

In 1776 Smith moved to London, where he published "An Inquiry into the

Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", which examined in detail the consequences

of economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest,

the division of labour, the function of markets, and the international implications of

a laissez-faire economy. "Wealth of Nations" established economics as an autonomous

subject and launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise.

Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and

still holds true today. He is most often recognized for the expression " the invisible

hand", which he used to demonstrate how self-interest guides the most

efficient use of resources in a nation's economy, with public welfare coming as a

by-product. To underscore his laissez-faire convictions, Smith argued that state

and personal efforts, to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled

market forces.

In 1778 he was appointed to a post of commissioner of customs in Edinburgh,

Scotland. But soon he fell ill and died there on July 17, 1790. At the end

it was discovered that Smith had devoted a considerable part of his income to

numerous secret acts of charity. Smith was the Scottish who became famous for

his influential book "The Wealth of Nations" written in 1776.

A BRITISH PAINTER AND A RUSSIAN SCIENTIST

The first ever Turner exhibition at Moscow’s Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts

was devoted to the 200th anniversary of Turner’s birth (1775-1851).

When one looks at his wonderful paintings, one cannot help thinking about

another man - the great Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He first saw

Turner’s work in reproduction, and later he went to see his pictures every time

he was in England. “Probably”, Timiryazev said, “there is some sort of an inner

connection between the logic of the explorer of nature and the aesthetic feelings

of those who love nature’s beauty”.

That is why, even though being very busy with his research, Timiryazev,

already well-advanced in years, decided to translate the book of an English art

critic C. L. Hind “Turner”.

Having a deep understanding of the English painter he also wrote a long

preface to the book “Natural Science and the Landscape” which is important

from scientific point of view and added his own comments to the book expressing

his own opinion and disagreeing with the author.

2 6

The translation published in Russia in 1910 was a good present to Russian

readers. It was reprinted in Timiryazev’s collected works published

in 1940.

Timiryazev, who spent his life solving the great mystery – the role of

sunlight in the synthesis of living plant tissue, which means the mystery of life

on earth in general, – was interested in Turner all his life. For light and colour

were for Timiryazev in biology what they are for a painter in art. The study of

these factors has led to new revelations both in botany and art.

Timiryazev was inspired in translating the book by his interest in Russian

art in general and, above all, in landscape painting, because he agreed

with Dmitry Mendeleyev, the outstanding Russian chemist, that “the study

of outer nature helps in making correct assessments of even the inner nature

of man”.

It is known that Turner unfluenced a whole galaxy of Russian painters such

as K. Brullov, I. Aivasovsky, A. Savrasov, etc.

CHARLES DICKENS

Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth on the 7th of February, 1812.

His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. When Dickens was about four

years old his family moved to Chatham. There Dickens went to school. In

his tenth year the family left Chatham and settled down in a mean street in

London. Things went from bad to worse and soon Dickens’s father was imprisoned

for debt and the family home was sold up. Little Charles had to

work at a blacking factory. For two years he never had sufficient to eat. His

poverty, however, brought him into contact with the homes of the very poor,

with their modes of life, their hopes and fears. This was of great value to

him when he became an author. After two years Dickens’s father came into

some money enabling him to leave prison and send Charles to a private

school. After his schooldays he became a clerk in a lawyer’s office and in

his spare time studied shorthand. When he was nineteen he was able to do

some reporting in the House of Commons for newspapers. As a reporter he

often had to go to the country and he described his experiences “on the

road” in many of his novels. In 1833 Dickens published a number of papers

under the title “Sketches by Boz”, but it was in 1836 that he suddenly rose

to fame. A firm of publishers asked Dickens to write some short articles to

illustrate a number of amusing pictures they intended to publish. There was

born the famous “Pickwick Papers”. This book, full of humour, brought him

world-wide fame. Dickens followed up his triumph with a quick succession

of novels, among them “Oliver Twist”, “Nicholas Nickleby”, “The Old Curiosity

Shop”, “Great Expectations”, “Little Dorrit”, “Dombey and Son”,

“David Copperfield” and many others.

2 7

FOOTBALL CRAZY

A lot has changed since the days of one of the greatest English footballers,

Sir Mathews, who died recently at the age of 85. At the top of his career he

earned a maximum of $50 a week. Now players earn up to $20. 000 a week! He

continued playing football until he was fifty years old and was never “booked”.

Football is one of the most popular sports in Britain. Children like to start

playing as soon as they are old enough to kick the ball. They begin to follow

their favourite team, either watching on television or going to matches with their

friends and family. Football teams are divided into groups called leagues. The

best teams are in the premier league, the rest are in the first, second, third and

fourth divisions.

Supporters often buy the same shirt and shorts as the players. The styles

change each season so the fans can find it very expensive to keep up.

Footballers are bought and sold by the managers of each team. The premier

league has many international players who are highly paid in Britain. As a result

many footballers have lifestyles similar to film celebrities or pop stars. In fact, two

of the most famous people in Britain today are David Beckham, a footballer who

plays for Manchester United and England, and his wife, Victoria, from the Spice

Girls pop group. Some people have criticized David Beckham for spending more

time on his celebrity lifestyle than on practicing his football skills.

In the World Cup or European matches, the United Kingdom is divided

into four separate countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

There is always great competition when England and Scotland play each other.

Many Scottish fans will support any other team which is playing England, rather

than cheer for their neighbours and fiercest rivals!

HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE

University originated in Europe during the eleventh century, but they were

not the first in the world. Perhaps, the University of Al-Azhar founded in Cairo

in 970 is one of the oldest still operating universities in the world.

European universities developed from monastery schools and their development

took place so slowly that it is difficult to know the point at which they

became universities. Many scholars believe that the oldest European university

is the University of Bologna, Italy. It was founded in the late tenth century, but

it had existed as a low school since 890. The University of Paris developed during

the eleventh century. Many other universities appeared in Europe during the

twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

These first schools were founded largely to serve the professions. They

provided the first unified teaching of law, medicine and theology. The lessons

were conducted in the Latin language, which the students were to speak even

among themselves.

2 8

The oldest universities in Britain, Oxford and Cambridge, were founded in

the Middle Ages. They have much in common and are, therefore, often spoken

together, and are sometimes called collectively for convenience as Oxbridge.

The word "college" originated later. There were no colleges in those early days

and students' life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all

ages and came from everywhere. When the students began to settle in Oxford in

the 12th century they lived as they could, lodging in inns and with townsfolk, or

grouping themselves together and renting a house for their use. The first college

(Merton College) was founded in 1249 and it was associated only with the residence

for students to lodge. Life in college was strict. Students were not allowed

to play games, to sing or dance, to hunt or even to fish. Later, however, colleges

developed into complete educational institutions.

2 9

Библиографический список

1. Акопова А. С. Методические указания контрольные работы по анг-

лийскому языку для студентов-заочников 3 курса исторического факульте-

та / А. С. Акопова, С. В. Шелковникова. – Ростов на/Д. : Изд-во РГУ, 2002.

– Вып. 6.

2. Андриенко А. Английский язык для студентов неязыковых вузов. –

М. : Феникс, 2007.

3. Базанова Е. М. Английский язык : учебник для студентов неязыко-

вых вузов. Intermediate / Е. М. Базанова, И. В. Фельснер. – М. : Дрофа,

2002.

4. Барникова В. Е. Учебник английского языка для неязыковых фа-

культетов. – М. : Изд-во УРАО, 1999.

5. Блинова С. И. Тесты и контрольные работы по грамматике англий-

ского языка. – СПб. : Союз, 2003.

6. Голицинский Ю. Б. Грамматика английского языка : сборник уп-

ражнений. – М., 2005.

7. Меркулова Е. М. Английский язык для студентов университетов.

Чтение, письменная и устная практика. – СПб. : Изд-во «Союз», 2000.

8. Мыльцева Н. А. Универсальный справочник по грамматике англий-

ского языка / Н. А. Мыльцева, Т. М. Жималенкова. – М., 2001.

9. Орловская И. В. Учебник английского языка для технических уни-

верситетов и вузов / И. В. Орловская, Л. С. Самсонова, А. М. Скубриева. –

М. : МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана, 2006.

10. Смирнова Л. В. Контрольные задания по английскому языку для

студентов-заочников / Л. В. Смирнова, С. В. Богачева. – Кострома : КГУ

им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2003.

11. Смирнова Л. В. Практикум по английскому языку для самостоя-

тельной работы студентов. – Кострома : КГУ им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2007.

12. Шепелева Н. Ю. Пособие по английскому языку для самостоя-

тельной работы студентов исторического факультета. – Кострома : КГУ

им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2007.

13. Шепелева Н. Ю. Сборник страноведческих текстов по английско-

му языку. – Кострома : КГУ им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2008.

14. Англо-русские и русско-английские словари.

15. Atzioni H. The Semi Profession and Their Organisation. – N. Y., 2007.

16. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning,

Teaching, Assessment Council of Europe. – Cambridge University Press, 2001.

17. Raymond Murphy Essential Grammar in Use: A self-study reference

and practice book for elementary students of English. – Cambridge University

Press, 1998.

3 0

У ч е б н о е и з д а н и е

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

С о с т а в и т е л и :

Смирнова Людмила Владимировна

Шепелева Наталья Юрьевна

Корректор Л. Г. Чекмарева

Компьютерный набор Т. А. Лукьянец

Подписано в печать 15.04.2011

Формат 60 х90/16

Уч.-изд. л. 2,4

Тираж 100 экз.

Изд. № 55

Костромской государственный университет им. Н. А. Некрасова

156961, Кострома, ул. 1 Мая, 14