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1.Take a good look at yourself; consciously or unconsciously children pattern themselves on their parents. If you have certain traits you don’t want your children to inherit, make a constant effort to get rid of these qualities. In other words, one of the most effective ways to child control is selfcontrol.

2.Be relaxed. If you are ill at ease with children, they know it and become uneasy themselves. Children are very sensitive to tension.

3.Assert your authority. From the beginning try to make it clear to the children that while you love them and make any reasonable sacrifices for them, they are not rulers and have limited privileges and definite obligations.

4.Don’t expect miracles. The rule is particularly important in trying to cope with children. It is both unfair and unwise to expect miracles in dealing with children. Unfair, because very often they simply haven’t reached that level of achievement yet. And unwise, because if you constantly demand more than a child can give, you damage his confidence and may even end by making doubt his value as a human being. Modern children grow physically and mentally very fast. But their rate of emotional growth is the same as it was always.

5.Be consistent. Few things upset a child more than indecisive and erratic treatment from two people who represent law and order and stability in his world – his parents.

(From: “The secret World of Kids” by A. Linkletter)

P A R T 3

GROUP WORK

Exercise 1. Work in pairs or in small groups. Discuss problems of children upbringing outlined in the extracts below.

A.Timidity is another common personal defect in children. A reasonable amount of timidity is normal enough. But some children are more fearful than others. Don’t force the child to face his fears! Most children outgrow their timidity.

B.Selfishness. Many parents complain that their children are self-centred, never think of anyone but themselves. Have no sense of responsibility. Won’t share things and so on... Selfishness is often prolonged in kids by parents who tend to make slaves of themselves for the children’s benefit.

C.Permissiveness. It is high time to stop being permissive to children. It is urgent to change your attitude and learn to take a stand and be tough in your love.

Exercise 2. Work in groups of three or four. Decide which of the following statements you agree or disagree with. Discuss these with the other members of your group. Be ready to report your discussion to other groups:

1.There’s never a problem child, there are only problem parents.

2.Anyone who expects quick results in child upbringing is an incurable optimist.

3.Under dictatorial control adolescents work submissively, show little initiative.

4.Happiness may be defined as the state of minimal repression.

5.Healthy children do not fear future, they anticipate it gladly.

6.The adults who fear that youth will be corrupted by freedom are those who are corrupt themselves.

Exercise 3. Pair work. Agree or disagree with the statements below. Be sure to provide sound arguments. Consider the following points and extend them whenever possible.

a)Children are not supposed to have their opinions, but if they do, the adults ignore them.

b)The difference between a child and an adult amounts to achieving the state of independence.

c)The most painful time is adolescence with intense feelings, lack of confidence and rebellion against authority.

d)The essence of happiness is complete freedom from care.

e)Most adults think of their childhood as happiest time.

Exercise 4. Group discussion. “New Prospects in Education”. Here are a number of predictions which have been made by futurologists.

1. In his book Alvin Toggler suggests that in future there will be advertisements like the one below.

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DON’T WORRY ABOUT PARENTHOOD!

We’ll bring out your children and make them into responsible, successful adults.

1.Excellent food and education.

2.Just visit your children once a week.

3.Minimum five-year contract.

•Would you like your children to be brought up by “professional parents”?

•What would be some advantages and disadvantages?

•Would you like your children to be brought up by “professional” parents?

2.Alvin Toggler also suggests that children won’t go to school. They will study at home instead with video-tape, cassettes, other electronic aids.

•Would you like this arrangement?

•What do you think of such “electronic cottage” school?

•Imagine what some of the consequences might be.

3.In what way, do you think, the advertisement above reflects the new trends in child rearing?

RECOMMENDED TOPICS FOR EXAM

1.Russian family pattern. How different it is from the family patterns in other countries.

2.Family patterns existing in the English speaking countries.

3.Challenges and opportunities of modern families.

4.The role and functions of a family in one’s life.

5.Family pattern and gender roles.

6.Engagement and marriage traditions and superstitions in our country and in other countries of the world.

7.Families with many children versus families with one child.

8.Having a divorce. Problems of one-parent families.

9.Is it necessary to provide a “Conjugal Preparation Course” for high school students? Why? How can they help in their future family life?

10.Positive and negative sides of Marriage Contracts. Marriage contracts and romantic love.

11.Generation gap. What does it mean for parents and children? Do the problems of Fathers and sons differ in various countries?

12.Problems of children upbringing. Difficult children.

13.An ideal way of children’s’ upbringing. Punishment and permissiveness.

P A R T 4

SUPPLEMENT

TEXT 1

Exercise 1. Read the following text about old Russian matchmaking traditions.

• Pre-reading task: find the meaning of the following words and practise their pronunciation: splendid, to absorb, banquet, preliminary, mediator, suitor, to pray, intractable, refreshments, dowry, to anticipate, rouge, comb, scissors, thread, delicacies, to bless, prosperously.

Matchmaking

In all cultures the most colourful, festive and splendid festival is a wedding. It has absorbed many time-honoured customs and is celebrated over a few days or even a week. Everything about it is interesting, from the choice of bride and the matchmaking process to the wedding ceremony and the banquet table. It would be difficult to describe everything at once, therefore in this article we will concentrate on the first stage only – the matchmaking. Beforehand it should be said that we are, not talking about a modern wedding which as a rule consists of only a registry marriage and dinner, but an ancient ceremony.

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In olden times a wedding ceremony in Russia was carried out thus: the parents of a son of marriageable age would take advice from close relatives and send a matchmaker to the parents of a prospective bride for preliminary talks. If the parents did not want their daughter to marry they would usually say that she was still too young. If they were willing, they would not agree at once, instead they would set a final date for a final answer so that nobody would think that they wanted to give their daughter away as soon as possible to the first person that came by.

After receiving the preliminary agreement, the matchmaker or mediator would ask permission to see the future bride. Often the mother of the suitor would come to do this. They would talk to the girl trying to find out whether she was intelligent and what she was capable of doing.

It was only after this inspection or “smotriny” as this is called, that the betrothal would take place. The matchmaking itself was the first part of the wedding festival. The day for matchmaking was always set by the bride’s parents. The matchmaker was usually the eldest in the family or the godfather. He would dress up festively and go to the bride’s house. He would open the door in three movements. Twice he would half open it and then close it tightly, and on the third go he would open it wide. On entering the house he would pray to God, bow to the hosts and sit in silence until the host would ask the reason for his arrival.

Sometimes the hosts would be forewarned and would come out to meet their guests and would receive them and honour them and seat them in an honoured place. Then after pausing the matchmaker would start to talk about the reason for his visit and to praise the suitor, saying only good things about him. That is how the first matchmaking starts. If the father of the girl does not want to give her up for marriage, he tells the matchmaker: “I do not have a daughter of marriageable age, go and look in another homestead. But if you want to come and see me, please do”. The matchmaker continues to visit the intractable father until he obtains an agreement. Maybe for this reason, in the beginning the matchmakers were not served with anything at the bride’s house, even though they might be sitting there for three hours.

Not until the agreed day for a final agreement does the matchmaker have some wine and a fish pie at the suitor’s house and then he goes to the bride’s house accompanied by relatives. The father of the bride pretends to disagree, but household members remind him of the importance of having given his word, and he, finally, agrees. After that the matchmaker places some refreshments on the table which he has brought with him, and the father of the bride orders a candle to be lit and bread and salt to be brought. He then invites everyone to sit round the table.

During the betrothal the dates of the wedding are discussed, it may be in a week’s time or after a few months. They talk about the dowry too, which is delivered to the newlyweds’ home after the wedding. The bride is not present at the actual betrothal. When her parents and the matchmaker come to an agreement, her relatives give the suitor and the matchmaker gifts in her name. If the suitor was to break his word after the betrothal that would mean disgrace for the family of the bride.

From the day of the betrothal to the wedding, no matter how the time may be prolonged, the suitor and prospective bride may not see each other. However this does not mean that nothing happens during this time. Both families are engaged in preparations. One of the main preparations is to assemble the wedding procession, in other words those who will accompany the bridegroom. The main wedding official is the tysiachsky. He has to anticipate the bridegroom’s actions so the wedding ceremony and the banquet will not be disturbed by anything. After him followed the sponsor father and mother (if there were no blood relatives). They blessed the bridegroom at the wedding and gave the bride away. Each family selected two best men and two matchmakers from amongst the married women in the family.

On the eve of the wedding the bridegroom’s guests gathered at his house and the bride’s guests gathered at her house and they celebrated by feasting. According to custom, during this time the bridegroom would send the bride a hat, boots and a small chest with rouge, rings, a comb and a mirror. A pair of scissors, needles, thread and delicacies together with a birch rod would be sent separately. These were symbolic signs which meant that if the young wife was diligent she would be fed and cared for, but if she was lazy she would be beaten with a birch rod.

At the time the bride was supposed to sit at home, cry and prepare hand-made gifts for the

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bridegroom and his family. On the last day before the wedding the bride has her plait undone and is led to the bathhouse having been blessed by her parents. The bride bows at everyone’s feet and they return singing songs and on entering the house they ask the father to bless his daughter and her future life far away. The father blesses his daughter and she gives him a gift. The bride makes similar requests of her mother, uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters and all adult household members. Having received a blessing from everyone she gives them all gifts. Then the bride’s female friends plait her hair for the last time with ribbons and accompany this with singing.

On the day before the wedding, at the bridegroom’s house the floor is washed clean and scattered with straw. This symbolises the hope that the bridegroom and his bride will live prosperously in the house, meaning not bare.

Exercise 2. Use the following words and word combinations in the sentences of your own:

a colourful festival; time-honoured customs; choice; matchmaking process; banquet table; registry-marriage; prospective; preliminary talks; to set a date; to close smth. tightly; to praise smth. or smb.; to obtain an agreement; to be accompanied by smb.; to light a candle; dowry; disgrace; to be engaged in smth.; to assemble smth.; to disturb; diligent; hand-made gifts; to scatter smth.; to live prosperously.

Exercise 3. Say it in another way.

a special occasion, ceremony; an established habit; a marriage ceremony; showing power of learning or understanding; to speak to god; to tell smb. about smth. beforehand; a house and its surrounding land; food and drinks served as a light meal; not to fulfil a promise; to ask God’s favour or protection for.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. What festival is considered to be the most festive and colourful in all cultures? 2. What part of the wedding ceremony is the text under study devoted to? 3. Is the old Russian wedding ceremony different from the modern one? 4. What parts does the modern wedding ceremony consist of? 5. What did the parents of a son of a marriageable age do? 6. Why didn’t the parents of a future bride agree at once to marry their daughter? 7. What was the reason of the old Russian tradition of ‘smotriny’? 8. When was it possible for the matchmaker to receive some refreshments? 9. How can you explain the word ‘dowry’? 10. What happened if the suitor broke his word after the betrothal? 11. May the suitor and the prospective bride see each other from the day of the betrothal to the wedding? 12. Where did all the guests gather on the eve of the wedding? 13. What did the bridegroom send to the bride during this time? 14. What was the meaning of sending to the bride a pair of scissors, needles, thread, delicacies and a birch rod? 15. What was the bride doing during all this time? 16. In what way was the bridegroom’s house prepared on the day before the wedding? What for?

PROBLEM PAGE

Sometimes, people who are worried by a personal problem write to a ‘Problem Page’ of a newspaper or magazine for advice

1.a) What would you expect a letter headed ‘Moody Gran’ to be about?

b)To see if you were right, read the letter. As you read, try to underline the important words. Those in the first sentence have already been underlined.

MOODY GRAN

My gran’s moods are very changeable.	my mother still sees her about every three or
Sometimes she can be very domineering and	four weeks. Occasionally she has outbursts
difficult, at other times she’ll be pleasant and	about me and tells mum I’m no good. Other
quite happy. But whichever it is, the good is	relatives have had this treatment and have
never quite as good as it might be and the bad is	moved away or lost contact. My mother tells me
always worse –whenever my mother or I are	about her visits and I feel weighed down just by
involved, frankly she seems happier to hear	listening. But I feel guilty. She’s my
about our problems than our successes. I haven’t	grandmother, not getting any younger and I’m
seen very much of her since I married, although	taking the easy way out by not going to visit her.

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Words which seem to give information which is essential are known as key words. Picking out key words helps to summarise a passage. For instance, the problem in the above letter can be summarized: The writer feels guilty because she doesn’t visit her grandmother, who can be very unpleasant.

2.a) The next letter is headed ‘Boyfriend’s Dreadful’. What do you think it might be about?

b)While reading the letter to check, underline no more than 14 key words in the letter, so that the underlined words explain the writer’s problem.

BOYFRIEND’S DREADFUL

I expect you will think I am a silly, over-loving mother, but I am worried about my 16-year-old daughter. She is meeting a boy of 20 who is really dreadful. He has no education, is well-known for being petty thief and is generally a loutish and unsavoury character.

She is our only child, and has been sensible until now. What can we do?

3.Which of these sentences best summarises her problem?

a.She loves her daughter too much and is being over-protective.

b.She’s afraid that her daughter is going to marry a thief

c.She’s worried about her daughter having an unsuitable boyfriend.

d.She is a silly woman, worried over something which is not important.

4.a) The next letter is headed ‘I want to be me!’ What could it be about?

b)As you read it, underline not more than 15 key words which together summarise her problem.

I WANT TO BE ME!

I’m worried because at 23 I feel as if I’m just	the strength of character or confidence to help
an extension of my mother. My personality is	myself. I’ve no friends and I lean on my
being suppressed inside, waiting to be	mother for everything, mentally and
developed. All my family are out-going, but	materially. I thought about getting a job
I’m an introvert. When I do think of	abroad, anything that would take me away
something to say, I usually miss the	from her so I’d have to stand up for myself.
opportunity to say it. I’ve tried joining clubs	Do you think that might work – that I’ll be
but Mum just worried about me going alone. I	able to establish my own identity if my
don’t want to live in her shadow, but I haven’t	mother’s not around?

5.Write a sentence summarising the problem. The key words will help.

6.a) The next letter is headed ‘Who has first call?’. Do you have any idea at all what the letter might be about?

b)As you read the letter, underline not more than 30 key words which summarise the writer’s problem

WHO HAS FIRST CALL?

My husband and I are teachers – both in our	live long. When we telephoned New Jersey
early 20s. We have been offered, and have	they were sympathetic but said we must either
accepted, an exchange job in New Jersey. We	keep our date, or they must find two other
would have all expenses paid and the two	teachers. This means we may never get
American teachers who are replacing us in	another chance and it is so sad as it meant
London have offered us their flat in New	prestige and extra money for my husband. I
Jersey, while they live in our house. We have	am very torn. I want to stay with my poor
been very excited, but now there has been a	mother, but the doctors warn me that she may
catastrophe. My widowed mother was in a car	linger on as she is, or be a permanent invalid. I
accident and is now in hospital. She is in a	am desperate. Who has first call? What I
coma but could come out of it, and then she	decide to do will affect my husband, and
would depend on me taking complete care of	ought I not consider him? They want us as a
her, although it’s not thought that she would	pair – we would have to work together.