13 Билет Rhythm, Tempo, Pausation, Voice quality (timbre) & their main functions

Rhythm –is the regularity of stressed syllables in time. It, also, organizes words in the rhythmic groups.

Function:

-constitutative function

-attitudinally function

-stylistic distinctive function

Tempo - is the rate of speech with which syllables are pronounced. It can be - slow, normal, fast. It is not constant, it changes and shows the relative semantic importance of a sense-group and the speaker's emotions.

Function

-semantical distinctive function

-stylistically distinctive function

Pauses - are the moments of silence in the flow of speech.

Function

Pauses are normally made to take breath at points where they are necessary or allowable from the point of view of the meaning of the sentence.

Pauses may be short (between sense-groups), long (to delimit one sentence from another), very long (to separate the paragraphs).

Functions:

-syntactically distinctive function (divide the sentence on the sense-groups)

-stylistically distinctive function:

1) syntactical

2) infatic (in public speech)

3) hesitation (unprepared speech):

a) empty (silence)

b) filled (with some sounds…mmm..ooommg)

-semantically distinctive function

-attitudinally

Voice quality (or timbre) – is the emotional colouring of the speaker’s voice.

Stylistic distinctive function (different types in different communicative situations)

It may be husky, resonant, tense, hush, breathy etc.

Билет 14 Distinctive and non-distinctive features of English vowels.

Vowels have 2 main characteristics - vowel length and vowel quality. Vowel quality is distinctive, regardless of the position of the vowel. Vowel length is dependent on the phonetic context, in particular on the following consonant.

Distinctive features:

-horizontal movement of the tongue:

1) front

2) front-retracted

3) central

4) back

5) back-advanced

-vertical movement of the tongue:

1)open (narrow and broad)

2)mid (narrow and broad)

3)close (narrow and broad)

-the stability of articulation:

1)monophthong

2)diphthong

3)diphthongoid

Non-distinctive features:

-the position of the lips

-character of the end

-tenseness

-length

Билет 15 Distinctive and non-distinctive features of English сonsonants

Distinctive features:

-strength - fortis (strong) and lenis (weak)

-place of articulation:

1) labial:

- bilabial

- labio-dental

2) lingual

- forelingual:

a) dental

b) alveolar

c) post-alveolar

d) palatal- alveolar

- medialingual

- backlingual

3) glottal

-manner of production of noise:

1) noise:

- occlusive

- constrictive

- occlusive-constrictive

2) sonorants:

- occlusive

- constrictive:

a) medial

b) lateral

- position of the soft palate – oral, nasal.

Non-distinctive features:

6. Degree of noise

7. Force of articulation

Билет 16 Phonostylistics. Segmental phonostylistic pecularities. Stylistic variations.

Phonostylistic - is a branch of linguistics, which analyses phonetic phenomena from a stylistic point of view. (a bridge between stylistics and phonetics)

Extra-linguistics functions: aim of communication, age, gender, personality, status, occupation, social identity, emotional state

Stylistic variations:

Some ethnic variations show us pronunciation of different ethnic groups.

Am-AfroAm-Spanish

is another example

allophones and stylistic variations are examples of non-contrastive distribution

allophones (complementary)

Styl.variations (free variation distribution)

Билет 17 Phonostylistics. Suprasegmental phonostylistic pecularities. Intonational styles.

Phonostylistic – is a branch of linguistics, which analyses phonetic phenomena from a stylistic point of view.