Cambridge

The University of Cambridge is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the second oldest university in both England and the English-speaking world and the seventh oldest university globally. Academically, Cambridge ranks as one of the world's topmost universities, as well as the leading university in Europe, and contends with Oxford for first place in UK league tables. The University is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the League of European Research Universities and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It forms part of the “Golden Triangle” of British universities.

Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England which is located at the Cam River. It was founded at the beginning of the 12th century. The University consists of (состоит из) 24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women. Each college is self-governing (самоуправляется).

The head of the University is the chancelor who is elected for life. The teachers are commonly called «dons» and «tutors». Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the University. Besides lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which Cambridge University is famous all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition (обучения) organized by the colleges.

Each student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student's work and once a week the student goes to his tutor to discuss his work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many other subjects.

After three years of study a student may proceed (получить ученую степень) to a Bachelor's degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. Students are required to wear gowns (мантия) at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books, laboratories, univer­sity hostel, the use of libraries, etc. Very few students get grants. Not many children from the working class families are able to get higher education, as the cost is high. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.

A number of great men, well-known scientists and writers stud­ied at Cambridge. Among them are: 15 British Prime Ministers, including Robert Walpole (First Prime Minister of Great Britain), 25 foreign Heads of Government, including the current Prime Ministers of India, Singapore and Jordan, and the current Presidents of Zambia and Trinidad and Tobago, 9 monarchs and a large number of other royals, The Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Bacon, the philosopher, Milton and Byron, the poets, Newton and Darwin, the scientists.

The university is also the essential birthplace of the computer with mathematician Charles Babbage having designed the world's first computing system as early as the mid-1800s. Alan Turing went on to invent what is essentially the basis for the modern computer and Maurice Wilkes later created the first programmable computer. The webcam was also invented at Cambridge University, as a means for scientists to avoid interrupting their research and going all the way down to the laboratory dining room only to be disappointed by an empty coffee pot.

In 2000, Bill Gates of Microsoft donated US$210 million through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to endow the Gates Scholarships for students from outside the UK seeking postgraduate study at Cambridge. The University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, which taught the world’s first computing course in 1953, is housed in a building partly funded by Gates and named after his father, William Gates.

Massachusetts Institute of Technolog\\

MIT is an independent university located in Boston area. It was founded in 1861 by William Barton Rogers, a distinguished natural scientist, who believed professional competence to be best fostered (воспитывать) by the combining of teaching, research, and the ap­plication of knowledge to real-world problems. MIT held its first classes in 1865 after having delayed opening because of the Civil War. There were approximately 15 students enrolled at that time.

Today MIT has about 9,700 students, a faculty (профессор­ско-преподавательский состав) of approximately 1,000 and sev­eral thousand research staff. The total teaching staff numbers more that 1,800. The institute is broadly organized into five academic Schools — Architecture and Planning, Engineering, Humanities and Social Science, Management and Science — and a large num­ber of interdisciplinary programs, laboratories, and centers, includ­ing the Whitaker College of Health Science, Technology and Management. A unique feature of MIT is that undergraduates join with graduate students, faculty, and staff to work on research pro­jects throughout the institute.

Most academic activities take place in a group of intercon­nected buildings designed to permit easy communication among the Schools and their 22 departments. Across the street from this set of buildings there are athletic fields, the student center, and many of the dormitories.

The main purpose of the academic program at MIT is to give students a sound command (прочное усвоение) of basic principles, the habit of continued learning and the confidence that comes from a thorough and systematic approach to learning. This results in continued professional and personal growth, especially in today's rapidly changing world.

The two essential parts of all MIT educational programs are teaching and research. Both of these activities carried on together have greater potential than either performed alone. They provide experience in theory and experiment for both students and teaching staff.

Each student pursues a degree (стремиться получить степень) in one of the departments. Undergraduate courses at MIT lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science (S.B.). The academic programs require four years of full-time study for the Bachelor of Science. De­grees are awarded on the basis of satisfactory completion of general institute and departmental requirements (общеинститутские и ка­федральные требования) in each program.

There is enough flexibility (гибкость), however, to allow each student, in collaboration with the adviser, to develop an individual program in accordance with his or her own interests and preparation.

Антонимдер және синонимдер (Antonyms and synonym

There are many universities and institutes in our country. Our University is one of the most popular educational establishments in South Kazakhstan. Every year hundreds of applicants enter our University.

Our university operates on a “credit” system. There are two types of degree programmes. Under Bologna Process these programmes have now also been introduced in our country.

What is Bologna Process? To raise the international competitiveness of European Universities, the governments of 29 European countries met in the Italian city of Bologna in 1999 where they agreed to create a single European Higher Education Area by 2010.

This involves introducing comparable programmes and degrees at institutions in participating countries so that the range of studies offered throughout Europe is both transparent and compatible. The objectives are to increase student’s mobility, to facilitate the recognition of academic degrees abroad, and to encourage higher education institutions to compete for the "very best minds". A total of 46 countries have meanwhile signed up to the Bologna Process. Its core element is based on two cycles of academic study: Bachelor's programme (first degree) Master’s programme (second).