микробиология_учебник_озо

ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ: ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨ 100 °ɋ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɟɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɬɟɪɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɧɚɡɨɣ), ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɦ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ Thermoplasma – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɚɹ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ.

ɍ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɮɢɥɨɜ ɩɨɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ɉɇ- ɧɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ [3].

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ. ɍɪɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɍɤɫɭɫɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɨɞɭɰɟɧɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ, ɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɵe ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɚɹ, ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ, ɢ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵe ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɍɚɤ, Clostridium ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɪɇ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ 5,7–5,5, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩ-ɛɭɬɚɧɨɥ.

Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɇ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ, – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ɍ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɥɤɚɥɢɮɢɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ (ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɭɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɨɜ), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɯ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ.

51

Ⱥɥɤɚɥɢɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɤ 8.

ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ (ɪɇɜɧɭɬɪ) ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɇ-ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ

ȿ. coli ɪɇɜɧɭɬɪ. ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 0,1 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 4,5–7,9. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ

ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ȿ. coli ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɇ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɭɜɵɪɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɇɜɧɭɬɪ. ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɸ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ. Ƚɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ [3].

ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ. ɉɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ ɪɇ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɩɵ ɜɵɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɵ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɇ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ, – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɥɨɜ ɝɥɭɬɚɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɧɨɜ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɊɇɄ ɢ ȾɇɄ (ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ; ɷɬɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ƚɥɭɬɚɦɚɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɪɇ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ɍ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɝɥɭɬɚɦɚɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 400–500 ɦɆ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ. Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɇ 6–8 (ɪɢɫ. 12).

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɇ-ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ ɪɇ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+, Ʉ+ ɢ Na+. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɟɧ. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ Na+ ɨɱɟɧɶ

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ɜɚɠɟɧ ɭ ɚɥɤɚɥɢɮɢɥɨɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɚɰɢɞɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ; ɧɚ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɇ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɢɹ; ɟɝɨ ɜɯɨɞ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɵɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɇ+ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɦɩɚɦɢ. ɍ ɚɥɤɚɥɢɮɢɥɨɜ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ ɪɇ ɭ ɚɥɤɚɥɢɮɢɥɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ. ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɇ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɞɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ Na+ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ ɪɇ ɢ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɞɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɇ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɭ ɚɥɤɚɥɢɮɢɥɨɜ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ [3].

Ɋɢɫ. 12. Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɇ

Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ. ȼ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ 6–8, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɛɭɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɊɇɄ ɢ ȾɇɄ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɉɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɝɥɭɬɚɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ.

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3.7. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ

Ȼɟɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ ɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ. Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɜɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɚw, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɚɧɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɥɸɛɵɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ.

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

Ɇɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ aw= 0,99–0,60. ɉɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɚw ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɦɢɰɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɢɛɵ ɢ ɞɪɨɠɠɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚw (0,99–0,90).

ȼɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ – ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚw, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ; ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚw ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɚ, ɬɨ ɚw ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɚw ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ [1].

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɟɟ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɤ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚw ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚw ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɑɚɫɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ.

ɐɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ – ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜɧɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ

54

ɤɥɟɬɤɟ, ɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ, ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɨɧɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚw. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɧɢɠɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɦɨɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɚw 0,95–0,99. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ (NaCI).

ɇɟɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ NaCI ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ [1]. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɚw ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ. ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3 %. Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ, ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.

Ɇɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ NaCI 2,5–5 %, ɨɧɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɨɧɚɯ Nɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɋ1. Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Na+ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ Na ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɵ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ NaCI 5–15 %. ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɯ, ɫɨɥɟɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ NaCI 5– 10 %, ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ NaCI, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 2–5 %. ɍɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɢɨɧɚɯ Na, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɢɨɧɚɯ Ʉ ɢ Mg. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ.

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ɗɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ NɚɋI ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 12–15 % ɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɥɢ. ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɚɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɧɵɟ ɨɡɟɪɚ. ȼ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ 200 ɝ/ɥ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɵɦɫɤɢɟ ɨɡɟɪɚ ɋɚɤɫɤɨɟ, ɋɚɫɵɤ ɢ ɞɪ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɋɢɜɚɲ. ȼ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɩɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 200 ɝ/ɥ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ʉ ɪɚɩɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɵɦɫɤɢɟ ɨɡɟɪɚ Ƚɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɑɨɤɪɚɤɫɤɨɟ, Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɋɢɜɚɲ, ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ ɫɨɥɟɜɚɪɟɧ. ɋɨɥɟɧɵɟ ɨɡɟɪɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɯ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Ɇɟɪɬɜɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ. ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪ ɫɯɨɞɧɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ NaCI. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɜɨɞɟ Ɇɟɪɬɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ Mg+ ɢ ɋɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 15 %. ȼ ɫɨɥɟɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɡɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.

ɗɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɩɪɢ 15–32 % NaCI, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɮɨɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɫɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɡɟɪɚ ɜ ȿɝɢɩɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢ 20 % NaCI [1].

Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɭ

Ɇɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ [3].

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ Ⱥ. Ʉɨɯɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ

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ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɝɥɢɤɚɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɚ, ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ, ɦɨɝ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ.

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɦɨɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ [3].

ɇɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚw. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɨɠɠɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɚw, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ.

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɬɭɪɝɨɪ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ; ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ [3].

1.ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ; ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 1 Ɇ.

2.Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɥɢɛɨ ɰɜɢɬɬɟɪ-ɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ (ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ).

3.ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɢɯ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.

4.ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɟɣ.

5.ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ – ɛɟɬɚɢɧ, ɷɤɬɨɢɧ, ɬɪɟɝɚɥɨɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɢɧ – ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ

57

ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ.

6. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ.

ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɥɢɧ ɢ ɛɟɬɚɢɧ, ɢ ɜ ɷɜɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ (ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ) ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 20 ɚɬɦ (2 Ɇɉɚ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ – 5–6 ɚɬɦ (0,5–0,6 Ɇɉɚ).ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚɦ ɡɚɫɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ [3].

Ɇɢɤɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɛɟɬɚɢɧ, ɬɪɟɝɚɥɨɡɭ, ɝɥɢɰɟɪɨɥ, ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɭ, L-ɩɪɨɥɢɧ, D-ɦɚɧɧɢɬɨɥ, D-ɝɥɸɰɢɬɨɥ, L-ɬɚɭɪɢɧ, ɷɤɬɨɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ. Ɍɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ƚɚɥɨɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ɍ ɝɚɥɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ

58

ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɚɥɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ 3 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaCl; ɨɧɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 4 Ɇ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɧɟɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɥɭɬɚɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0,8 Ɇ. ȼ ɛɟɥɤɚɯ ɝɚɥɨɮɢɥɨɜ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ – ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ 2–4 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.

Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɭ, ɱɟɦ ɤ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡ 1 ɤɝ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ 600 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ, ɜɥɚɝɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɹɯ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ, ɚ ɜɵɠɢɜɲɢɟ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɛɢɨɡɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 5–10 ɪɚɡ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɤɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɟɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɟɤ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɫ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɟɟ ɤ ɜɵɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɱɟɦ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɢɫɬɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɟɟ ɤ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɱɟɦ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ [3].

3.8.ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ

ȼɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɬɨɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɜɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɦɝ/ɥ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, ɚ ɜ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ – ɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0,1 ɦɝ/ɥ. ɋɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɦɨɪɟɣ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɜ.

Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ

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ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ – ɞɨ 0,1 ɦɝ/ɥ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɚɦ (ɝɪɟɱ. oligos – ɦɚɥɵɣ, trophe – ɩɢɳɚ). Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɤɨɩɢɨɬɪɨɮɚɦ (ɝɪɟɱ. copiosus – ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɟ, trophe – ɩɢɳɚ). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɩɢɨɬɪɨɮɨɚ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ. Ʉɨɩɢɨɬɪɨɮɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ 50 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɨɜ.

Ɉɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ. Ȼɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ: ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɫɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɵ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ [1].

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɢɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɜ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɞɭɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɩɢɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 200 ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɚ ɭ ȿ. coil – 10–20 ɦɢɧ.

ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɧɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɢɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɨɜ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɸ – ɷɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɤ (ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɤɨɜ). ɍ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ

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