93. 3 Handle in the same way as Part 1.

94. КеуЗ

95. 1

96. Improvement Reason

97. change the programming Pascal and COBOL component perhaps to С++ are not in demand

100. Revision: Past simple questions

101. This should be revision for most Ss. Ask questions in the Past simple about Paul's time as a student. For example,

1. What subjects did he study?

2. Who gave advice on the best place to look for help?

3. How many subjects did he study?

4. When did he complete his course?

5. What practical work did he do?

102. Write the questions on the board and make sure Ss are familiar with the question words. Then check they understand the structure of questions in the Past simple by writing this sentence on the board and asking them to make questions which focus on each piece of information in turn.

103. Paul¹ studied²173 in Newcastle^ two years ago*.

104. Demonstrate that questions which focus on the subject or agent are not made with did. Who studied IT?

105. Questions which focus on past actions require

106. the dummy verb do.

107. What did Paul do two years ago?

108. Questions which focus on other points of information require did. What did Paul study?

110. 5 Ss should do this individually and then compare in pairs. You can also use the answers for a paired speaking activity asking and answering questions about Pauline's study. For example:

111. A How many subjects did she study in her first

112. term? В Six.

113. Key5

114. 1 How many subjects did you study in your first term?

2. How many days each week did you have classes?

3. What did you have on Monday morning?

4. Which day was a free day for home study?

5. Where/In which room did you have Systems Analysis on Wednesday?

6. What did you study on Thursdays?

7. When did Programming happen?^- wr₀ „y

8. How often did Communication take place?

9. Whose classes did you like most?

115. 10 When did you have your lunch break?

116. WORD STUDY

117. tip- and -up verbs

118. 6 Check that Ss are familiar with the meaning of these verbs; then set the task for individual work.

119. Key 6

120. 1 backup 2 upgrade 3 free up

121. 4 uploaded 5 startup 6 update 7 starts up

122. 8 set up 9 keep up/catch up

123. 10 catch up/keep up 11 built up

124. SPEAKING

125. Role play

126. 7 Pairs should switch roles so that each student has a chance to play both parts*

127. WRITING

128. 8 This is quite a demanding task and Ss will need help in preparing for it. Refer them to their own college or university prospectus and website where they should find a course description and a statement of objectives. Make sure they know the English equivalents of the terms used. You can find English-language IT course descriptions in many UK college and university websites. It may help to print off a few to provide help with essential vocabulary.

129. _{UNIT 6}

131. Operating Systems

132. INTRODUCTION

133. The OS (operating system) is the set of computer programs that allow the user to perform basic tasks like copying, moving, saving and printing files. It also provides an interface between (i.e. provides communication between) applications programs (e.g. wordprocessors or spreadsheets) and the computer hardware. As a user interacts with an applications program on the screen, the applications program communicates with the operating system and the operating system communicates with the computer hardware. The work of the operating system takes place in the background and is not always obvious to the user.

134. The most important program in an OS is the supervisor program. It remains in memory all the time that the computer is operating, and manages the OS. It loads other parts of the OS into memory when they are needed. Programs that remain in memory while the computer is in use are known as resident programs. Programs that only stay in memory while they are being used are known as non­resident programs.

135. Some operating systems are command driven (i.e. the user runs a program by typing

136. a command). The screen is usually blank except for a symbol (e.g. $) which acts as a command prompt. When the command is typed at the prompt and the Enter key is pressed, the command is processed and the output is displayed on the screen. OS commands are usually short words or abbreviations (e.g., date, logout, passwd, Is).

137. Unix is a command driven operating system used on all sizes of computers, but mostly large multi-user, multi-tasking mainframe computers. It is available in many versions, such as Linux, Minix, HP-UX, Xenix, Venix, Ultrix, A/UX, AIX, Solaris, and PowerOpen. Other command driven operating systems mentioned in this unit include: VAX/VMS, MVS VM OS/390, NetWare, MS-DOS and PC-DOS.

138. Some operating systems have a GUI (pronounced like 'goo-ey' - graphical user interface) that allows the user to use a mouse to click on icons on the screen or choose commands from a list of choices known as a menu. Operating systems with graphical interfaces mentioned in this unit include: MacOS, OS/2, Penpoint, Windows NT, Windows 3.x, Windows 9X and Windows 2000.

140. OBJECTIVES

141. By the end of this unit, Ss should be better at:

• predicting text contents from figures and title

• making a summary

• exchanging information and defending decisions orally.

142. They should understand and be able to use:

143. • the -ing form in subject position and after prepositions.

144. They should know and be able to use logical connectives such as:

145. although/because/but/in addition/such as/ therefore.

146. STARTER

147. 1 Ss should work in pairs or small groups to make a list of any operating systems they know. Make a board list from their answers. Your task is to record and, where appropriate,

148. UNIT б Operating Systems 35

149. correct. Any disputes on technical matters should be referred back to the Ss to find the correct answers. They can then work out what the Unix commands mean and compare answers within their groups. BST is British Summer Time.

150. Key1

1. Type them using a keyboard

2. date passwd Is

151. logout

152. 3 date displays date and time

153. passwd allows user to change password Is lists files on screen

154. logout closes user's account

155. 4 The user's account will close.

156. READING

157. 2 Give the class a few minutes to try this individually; then check the answers in plenary.

158. Key 2

159. a user с operating system

160. b applications programs d hardware

162. 3 Discuss the meaning of the title; then give the class time to note their predictions for the remaining questions. Allow a fairly tight margin for Ss to read the text to check their answers. Deal with any disagreement on the answers which may arise by referring Ss to the relevant parts of the text.

163. КеуЗ

1. Applications software does not communicate directly with the computer hardware.

2. It controls the entire operating system and loads into memory other operating system programs as needed.

3. Programs which remain in memory are resident Programs which are loaded in from disk storage as required are non-resident

4. (1) manage the computer's resources

2. establish a user interface

2. execute and provide services for applications software

165. 4 A summary can be a useful check on the understanding of a text. Advanced Ss can be asked to write their own but for most Ss at this level a gapped summary is a sufficient challenge. Set this as an individual task. Take the opportunity to revise any of these terms for linking ideas which may be unfamiliar to your class.

166. Key 4

167. The user is aware of the effects of different applications programs but operating systems are invisible to most users.They lie between applications programs, such as word processing, and the hardware.The supervisor program is the most important. It remains in memory, therefore it is referred to as resident. Others are called non­resident because they are loaded into memory only when needed. Operating systems manage the computer's resources, such as the central processing unit./n addition, they establish a user interface, and execute and provide services for applications software. Although input and output operations are invoked by applications programs, they are carried out by the operating system.

168. LANGUAGE WORK

169. -ing form (1) as a noun; after prepositions

170. This is the first of two Language work sections which focus on the -ing form. The other is Unit 9. The emphasis here is on the чпд form in subject position and after a preposition.

172. Start by eliciting the functions of an operating system. The answers are all in the text. Write the functions on the board:

1. manage the computer's resources

2. establish a user interface

3. execute applications software

4. provide services for applications software.

173. Then show how the -ing form can be used as the subject of sentences such as:

174. 1 Managing the computer's resources is an important function of the operating system.