3. _{Graphical User Interfaces}

   Introduction

1. A user interface allows a user to interact with a computer. In particular, a GUI (graphical user interface) allows the user to use a mouse to interact with the computer. Microsoft Windows (commonly referred to as Windows) is a common GUI used on PCs (IBM compatible personal computers). The main Windows background screen is called the desktop. Programs, files and folders are represented on the desktop by small images called icons. Using a mouse, the user can move a pointer (cursor) across the screen. An icon can be selected by clicking the left mouse button (i.e. quickly pressing and releasing the button). By holding the pointer over an icon (hovering), a text box can be made to appear that explains what the icon represents. This text box is known as a tooltip. Double-clicking the mouse (pressing and releasing the button twice in quick succession) causes the program, file or folder represented by the icon to open in a rectangular box on the screen called a window. More than one window can be open at a time but the one with the focus is known as the active window. Windows can have a vertical scroll bar and a horizontal scroll bar to allow the user to move a document up and down or across the screen respectively. A user can drag a selected item from one part of the screen to another by holding down the left mouse button while moving the pointer. The user can then drop the item at the new location by releasing the mouse button.

2. Commands are displayed in a menu bar along the top of the window. Clicking on a command opens a list of choices known as a menu. Clicking on a menu item sometimes opens another related menu called a submenu. Common commands include:

3. Find	searches for a word, filename, or folder name
   Undo	reverses the last action of the user
   Cut	deletes the selected text, file or folder and copies it to a special area of memory called the clipboard
   Paste	inserts the text, file or folder stored in the clipboard, at the location of the cursor

4. A bar, known as a taskbar, is displayed along the bottom of the desktop showing what programs, files and folders are currently open. At the far right of the taskbar is a special area called the system tray where icons are displayed showing what resident programs are continuously running in the background e.g. the system clock or a sound volume control. There is a Start button at the far left of the taskbar. When the Start button is clicked, the Start menu opens on the screen. The user can close down the operating system by choosing the Shut Down option on the Start Menu. A touchscreen allows the user to select icons and commands by touching the display screen with their finger instead of using a mouse. Graphical user interfaces were first introduced with the Apple Mac OS. Other GUIs with desktops, icons, pointers, windows, menus and submenus are also available.

6. Common icons on the Microsoft Windows desktop include:

7. Microsoft a messaging program Outlook

8. My Briefcase a program that allows the user to exchange files with a portable computer and to synchronise the files on each computer

Network Neighbourhood or My Network Places	a feature that displays the names of other computers networked with yours
My Computer	a feature that lets you see the resources on your computer
Internet Explorer	a browser program that allows the user to view webpages on the Internet
Recycle Bin	a feature that stores deleted files and allows the user to restore them to their original location i.e. the equivalent to the trashcan on an Apple Mac system.

25. A + sign used between the names of keyboard keys means that the user should press both keys simultaneously e.g. ALT + TAB. Keyboard keys and combination of keys mentioned in the text include:

Shift key	allows you to type in uppercase (capital letters)
MouseKeys feature	enables you to use the numeric keypad to move the mouse pointer
ALT + TAB	allows you to switch between open programs
StickyKeys feature	helps disabled people to operate two keys simultaneously
PRINT SCREEN key	lets you copy an image of the whole screen to the Clipboard
ALT + PRINT SCREEN	lets you copy an image of the active window to the Clipboard

40. OBJECTIVES

41. By the end of this unit, Ss should be better at:

42. • reading for specific detail quickly.

43. They should understand and be able to use:

44. • allow, enable, help, let, permit correctly to describe developments in computing.

45. They should know and be able to use terms associated with GUIs such as: button, desktop, icon, menu, pointer, submenu, system tray, taskbar, window.

46. Keyl

47. 1d 2c 3a 4f 5g 6h 7e 8b

49. 2 Ss should spot the differences individually at first, then compare in pairs.

50. Key 2

1. menu choices, toolbar terms, icons, no system tray, no task bar

2. windows, icons, menus, pointer

51. READING

52. STARTER

53. 1 Do this in small groups to encourage discussion.

54. 3 This provides further practice in reading for detail, in this case the boxed texts which accompany the diagram. Ss should do this task individually. Write the time at one-minute intervals on the board so that Ss can note how quickly they can find the information.

55. КеуЗ

1. Send email if you have Internet access.

2. Thetaskbar

3. Pause the mouse pointer over the time box.

4. If you take files and documents to and from a PC at work, this feature helps keep them organised and up to date.

5. Solid green blue

6. My Network Places

7. My Computer

8. The Internet Connection Wizard

9. Empty the Recycle Bin

56. LANGUAGE WORK

57. Verbs + object + infinitive Verbs + object + to-infinitive

58. The focus is on verbs with the general meaning of permit which are often used to describe new developments in computing. Although similar in meaning, they differ in whether they are followed by the infinitive or fo-infinitive after an object.

60. Ask Ss what a GUI does, what is special about a GUI, why GUIs were developed. The answer you seek is that people can use a computer without knowing any operating system commands. Show how this idea can be expressed using each of the four 'permit' verbs. For example,

1. A GUI lets you use a computer without knowing any operating system commands.

2. A GUI allows you to use a computer without knowing any operating system commands.

62. 4 and 5 Do individually, then compare answers in pairs.

63. Key 4

1. The Help facility enables users to get advice on most problems.

2. Adding more memory lets your computer work faster.

3. Windows allows you to display two different folders at the same time.

4. The shift key allows you to type in upper case.

5. The MouseKeys feature enables you to use the numeric keyboard to move the mouse pointer.

6. ALT+TAB allows you to switch between programs.

7. The StickyKeys feature helps disabled people to operate two keys simultaneously.

8. ALT + PRINT SCREEN lets you copy an image of an active window to the clipboard.

65. Key5 {examples only)

1. In a window, the vertical scroll bar allows you to navigate a document quickly.

2. The Find command helps you to locate a file.

3. The Undo command enables you to undo previous actions.

4. Cut and paste lets you transfer data between files.

5. Print Screen allows you to make a copy of any screen display.

6. Menus enable you to select an option.

7. Recycle bin allows you to recover deleted documents.

8. Tooltips help you to learn about new features.

66. PROBLEM-SOLVING

67. 6 Do this individually but get Ss to compare in pairs. Ss have to use their computer knowledge as well as their knowledge of English. Refer any dispute on technical matters back to the class to agree on or to find out for the next class.

1. b g delete a file

2. e h find a file

3. f i read email

4. a j draw a picture

5. d k access a calculator

6. с I access tools

68. SPEAKING

69. 7 Do as the task instructions suggest. When checking, ask selected Ss to explain how to perform one of these tasks to the rest of the class. With advanced Ss, as a follow up ask for volunteers to give clear instructions for a

70. UNIT 7 Graphical User Interfaces 41

71. computer action of their own choice. The rest of the class have to identify the action as soon as possible.

72. Key 7

1. Right-click on the Desktop to open up the context sensitive menu. Choose 'New' on the menu. Choose'Folder'on the submenu.

2. Double-click on the program icon.

3. Click on the Start button. Choose 'Shut Down' from the start menu. Select 'Shut down the computer?'in the dialog box. Click the 'Yes' button.

4. Double-click on the volume control icon in the system tray. Drag the volume slider up or down to the required volume setting.

1. Right-click on the desktop to open up the context sensitive menu. Choose'Arrange Icons' from the menu. Click on the desired format in the submenu.

5. Allow the mouse pointer to hover over the time icon in the system tray. After a short delay the date will be displayed above the time.

6. Allow the mouse pointer to hover over an icon.

73. WRITING

74. 8 Do this as an individual writing task.

75. SPECIALIST READING

76. Key A

77. 1 i) Cheaper and more powerful personal

78. computers

79. ii) Breakthroughs in technology, such as speech recognition

80. iii) Convergence of personal computers and consumer electronics

2. The hyperlinked design of the World Wide Web

3. They have allowed users to view content, including local and network files, within a single browser interface.

4. Palm-size and hand-held PCs

5. i) A mouse is a very efficient device for desktop

81. navigation, ii) A mouse is not so useful for changing the style of a paragraph.

6. Speech recognition, handwriting recognition, text to speech (TTS), the ability to recognise faces or gestures, and the ability to observe their surroundings.

7. Video cameras

8. The rapidly expanding increase of information, both on the Internet and within intranets.

9. They can be used as Web browsers, help desks, and shopping assistants.

82. Key В

1. a iii b v с i d ii e iv

2. a False b False с False d False e True f True

3. _{UNIT 8}

5. Applications Programs

6. INTRODUCTION

7. Software is the word used to refer to programs (sets of computer instructions written in a computer language) and data that is input, processed and output by a computer system. Applications programs are programs that allow the user to do various types of work on a computer e.g. wordprocessors, databases. A set of related applications programs is referred to as a package (or suite). Common applications programs include:

8. wordprocessors	for creating and editing texts
   spreadsheets	for performing calculations using formulas
   databases	for storing data so that it can be easily searched and sorted
   graphics	for drawing
   games	for playing fast action games
   accounts	for keeping business accounts
   payroll	for calculating salaries
   presentation program	for creating multimedia slide shows
   email	for sending electronic mail messages
   PIM (personal information manager)	for keeping track of appointments, address book, task list, etc.
   DTP (desktop publishing program)	for creating publications to be printed by a professional printer
   small business tools	for performing various business tasks
   website editor	for creating and editing webpages
   image editor	for editing graphic images
   developer tools	for writing programs to add features to existing applications and creating integrated program systems

9. Some applications programs, such as wordprocessors, spreadsheets and databases, are commonly referred to as office programs because they are commonly used in a typical office. Office packages (or suites) such as Microsoft Office are sets of inter­related office programs. Different versions of office suites are usually available containing different combinations of programs. Mailmerging is a useful feature found in most office suites that combines a database with a wordprocessor document to automatically produce a copy of a standard letter for each record in the database.

10. A variety of computer hardware is used in the doctors' practice in this unit including:

11. PC	common name for an IBM compatible personal computer
    network	computers connected together
    file server	a powerful computer that stores and allows users access to data files on a network
    laser printer	a very high quality text and graphics printer that has a photosensitive drum that deposits toner powder on the paper
    dot-matrix printer	a low quality printer that prints by hammering pins on the paper to print an image made up of dots.The hammering action means that it can print on special multipart paper where a number of copies are produced at the same time.
    CD-ROM	a compact disk read only memory storage device that is cheap to produce and suitable for storing large amounts of data

12. The Patient Browser program (GPASS)

13. discussed in this unit is a type of database for sorting and searching patient records. To

60. search, you select different option screens by clicking on a tab with a mouse and inputting the search criteria (details of what you are looking for) in text boxes known as criteria boxes. Different button icons can be clicked to perform different operations e.g. the Find button. The default button is the option that is selected automatically.

61. Tomb Raider is a popular adventure game that has appeared in various versions. The main character is represented by a female animated image, known as Lara Croft. The user follows a storyline in which they have to solve puzzles and control the movements of the main character, sometimes having to react quickly to avoid dangerous obstacles. It is available on well known games consoles (specialised games computers) called PlayStation and Dreamcast manufactured by a company called Sega.

62. SimCity is a simulation program (a program that simulates real life) in which the user has to develop a city by building roads and 3D (three-dimensional) buildings, setting taxes, etc. They also have to control objects such as simulated cars and people. The user can download (copy from a server computer) additional objects and swap items with other users using a special website. The game is run on a computer called a Commodore 64 (an early British type of personal computer particularly suited to games because of its excellent graphics facilities).

63. An ASP (application service provider) rents applications to users i.e. instead of buying software, the user pays for using applications as and when they need them.

64. The ASP provides the software, manages the hardware and provides storage space, security controls and the physical links to customers. The ASP normally leases storage space for programs and data from data centres (facilities for storing large amounts of information) owned by data storage specialists.

65. The user is provided with remote access (access across a communications network) to a wide variety of programs including: generic applications such as email (electronic mail) and office suites, high-end (advanced) packages including large, complex business applications such as enterprise resource planning tools (e.g. SAP), business services, such as payroll and accounting systems, expensive specialist tools and e-commerce resources (electronic commerce - buying and selling on the Internet).

66. This gives the user more flexibility and saves them having to install and maintain programs, upgrade (install newer versions of programs), deal with viruses (programs that can reproduce themselves and are written with the purpose of causing damage or causing a computer to behave in an unusual way) and manage email systems (electronic mail systems).

67. Disadvantages of this system include: the need for a broadband (high bandwidth i.e. a connection with a high signal capacity) network connection or a leased line (a cable connection that is rented for use in a communications system) and dependence on the ASP to provide a secure, reliable, readily available service.

68. OBJECTIVES

69. By the end of this unit, Ss should be better at:

• reading and note-taking

• exchanging information orally

• defending their choice.

70. They should understand and be able to use: • simple and complex instructions.

71. They should know and be able to use terms ftr common applications packages.

72. STARTER

    С

    Users Use

    Program types Data input Output

    D

    Users Use

    Program types Data input Output

73. 1 Do this individually, then check in plenary.

74. 1. d graphics e game

    Keyl

75. a wordprocessing b spreadsheet с database

2. This is the first survey in the textbook. Have Ss work first in small groups. If they are unable to find someone to match each question, they can expand their search to other groups. In plenary, record the results on the board with a simple table showing how many Ss were identified for each question. As a follow-up, make a list of all the spreadsheet, database and wordprocessing and other applications programs the class can identify. For example, Excel, Access, etc.

3. A prediction task for individual work. Do not check the answers until Tasks 4 and 5 are complete.

2. This is a jigsaw reading task. Ss work in groups of three. All Ss read paragraph A and complete the notes. They can compare notes within their groups and agree on the best version. Check they have completed this first part successfully by asking a few Ss to write their notes or part of their notes on the board.