- •Series Editor’s Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1 Introduction
- •References
- •2.1 Methodological Introduction
- •2.2 Geographical Background
- •2.3 The Compelling History of Viticulture Terracing
- •2.4 How Water Made Wine
- •2.5 An Apparent Exception: The Wines of the Alps
- •2.6 Convergent Legacies
- •2.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •3.1 The State of the Art: A Growing Interest in the Last 20 Years
- •3.2 An Initial Survey on Extent, Distribution, and Land Use: The MAPTER Project
- •3.3.2 Quality Turn: Local, Artisanal, Different
- •3.3.4 Sociability to Tame Verticality
- •3.3.5 Landscape as a Theater: Aesthetic and Educational Values
- •References
- •4 Slovenian Terraced Landscapes
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Terraced Landscape Research in Slovenia
- •4.3 State of Terraced Landscapes in Slovenia
- •4.4 Integration of Terraced Landscapes into Spatial Planning and Cultural Heritage
- •4.5 Conclusion
- •Bibliography
- •Sources
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.3 The Model of the High Valleys of the Southern Massif Central, the Southern Alps, Castagniccia and the Pyrenees Orientals: Small Terraced Areas Associated with Immense Spaces of Extensive Agriculture
- •5.6 What is the Reality of Terraced Agriculture in France in 2017?
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Looking Back, Looking Forward
- •6.2.4 New Technologies
- •6.2.5 Policy Needs
- •6.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Study Area
- •7.3 Methods
- •7.4 Characterization of the Terraces of La Gomera
- •7.4.1 Environmental Factors (Altitude, Slope, Lithology and Landforms)
- •7.4.2 Human Factors (Land Occupation and Protected Nature Areas)
- •7.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •8.1 Geographical Survey About Terraced Landscapes in Peru
- •8.2 Methodology
- •8.3 Threats to Terraced Landscapes in Peru
- •8.4 The Terrace Landscape Debate
- •8.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Australia
- •9.3 Survival Creativity and Dry Stones
- •9.4 Early 1800s Settlement
- •9.4.2 Gold Mines Walhalla West Gippsland Victoria
- •9.4.3 Goonawarra Vineyard Terraces Sunbury Victoria
- •9.6 Garden Walls Contemporary Terraces
- •9.7 Preservation and Regulations
- •9.8 Art, Craft, Survival and Creativity
- •Appendix 9.1
- •References
- •10 Agricultural Terraces in Mexico
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Traditional Agricultural Systems
- •10.3 The Agricultural Terraces
- •10.4 Terrace Distribution
- •10.4.1 Terraces in Tlaxcala
- •10.5 Terraces in the Basin of Mexico
- •10.6 Terraces in the Toluca Valley
- •10.7 Terraces in Oaxaca
- •10.8 Terraces in the Mayan Area
- •10.9 Conclusions
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Materials and Methods
- •11.2.1 Traditional Cartographic and Photo Analysis
- •11.2.2 Orthophoto
- •11.2.3 WMS and Geobrowser
- •11.2.4 LiDAR Survey
- •11.2.5 UAV Survey
- •11.3 Result and Discussion
- •11.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Case Study
- •12.2.1 Liguria: A Natural Laboratory for the Analysis of a Terraced Landscape
- •12.2.2 Land Abandonment and Landslides Occurrences
- •12.3 Terraced Landscape Management
- •12.3.1 Monitoring
- •12.3.2 Landscape Agronomic Approach
- •12.3.3 Maintenance
- •12.4 Final Remarks
- •References
- •13 Health, Seeds, Diversity and Terraces
- •13.1 Nutrition and Diseases
- •13.2 Climate Change and Health
- •13.3 Can We Have Both Cheap and Healthy Food?
- •13.4 Where the Seed Comes from?
- •13.5 The Case of Yemen
- •13.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Components and Features of the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •14.4 Ecosystem Services of the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •14.5 Challenges in the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •References
- •15 Terraced Lands: From Put in Place to Put in Memory
- •15.2 Terraces, Landscapes, Societies
- •15.3 Country Planning: Lifestyles
- •15.4 What Is Important? The System
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Case Study: The Traditional Cultural Landscape of Olive Groves in Trevi (Italy)
- •16.2.1 Historical Overview of the Study Area
- •16.2.3 Structural and Technical Data of Olive Groves in the Municipality of Trevi
- •16.3 Materials and Methods
- •16.3.2 Participatory Planning Process
- •16.4 Results and Discussion
- •16.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •17.1 Towards a Circular Paradigm for the Regeneration of Terraced Landscapes
- •17.1.1 Circular Economy and Circularization of Processes
- •17.1.2 The Landscape Systemic Approach
- •17.1.3 The Complex Social Value of Cultural Terraced Landscape as Common Good
- •17.2 Evaluation Tools
- •17.2.1 Multidimensional Impacts of Land Abandonment in Terraced Landscapes
- •17.2.3 Economic Valuation Methods of ES
- •17.3 Some Economic Instruments
- •17.3.1 Applicability and Impact of Subsidy Policies in Terraced Landscapes
- •17.3.3 Payments for Ecosystem Services Promoting Sustainable Farming Practices
- •17.3.4 Pay for Action and Pay for Result Mechanisms
- •17.4 Conclusions and Discussion
- •References
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Tourism and Landscape: A Brief Theoretical Staging
- •18.3 Tourism Development in Terraced Landscapes: Attractions and Expectations
- •18.3.1 General Trends and Main Issues
- •18.3.2 The Demand Side
- •18.3.3 The Supply Side
- •18.3.4 Our Approach
- •18.4 Tourism and Local Agricultural System
- •18.6 Concluding Remarks
- •References
- •19 Innovative Practices and Strategic Planning on Terraced Landscapes with a View to Building New Alpine Communities
- •19.1 Focusing on Practices
- •19.2 Terraces: A Resource for Building Community Awareness in the Alps
- •19.3 The Alto Canavese Case Study (Piedmont, Italy)
- •19.3.1 A Territory that Looks to a Future Based on Terraced Landscapes
- •19.3.2 The Community’s First Steps: The Practices that Enhance Terraces
- •19.3.3 The Role of Two Projects
- •19.3.3.1 The Strategic Plan
- •References
- •20 Planning, Policies and Governance for Terraced Landscape: A General View
- •20.1 Three Landscapes
- •20.2 Crisis and Opportunity
- •20.4 Planning, Policy and Governance Guidelines
- •Annex
- •Foreword
- •References
- •21.1 About Policies: Why Current Ones Do not Work?
- •21.2 What Landscape Observatories Are?
- •References
- •Index
Index
A
Abandonment, 2, 3, 15, 19, 28, 30, 35, 47, 48, 63, 65, 67, 72, 75, 79, 84–88, 104, 119, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 135, 167, 183, 185, 190, 196, 203, 205, 206, 233, 234, 236, 251, 253, 255, 261, 262, 266, 267, 273, 274, 278, 279, 286, 287, 298–300, 302, 304, 306, 317, 325, 326, 331, 335
Abandonment and degradation, 36, 98, 119, 126, 330
Abandonment and degradation processes, 351 Ageing of population, 195, 205, 279 Agricultural policies, 335, 346
Agricultural systems, 122, 159–161, 172, 211, 280, 304
Agricultural terraced systems, 179, 183, 191 Agricultural terraces, 34, 47, 51, 63, 120, 127,
128, 134, 159–162, 164, 166, 167, 174, 180, 182–185, 190, 195, 248, 251, 274
Agri-environmental policies, 273
Alps, 15–17, 28, 29, 31, 47, 64, 66, 68–70, 72, 74, 151, 314, 315
ALPTER project, 47–49, 206 Alto Canavese, 311
Andes mountains, 119, 120 Atlas of world terraces, 98
Australia, 9, 139–141, 144, 147, 149, 151–154, 237
C
Canary Island, 79, 97, 100 Canavese-Aosta valley, 351
Cartographic and aerial photos analyses, 179 Chiavari-Lavagna-Vernazza, 351
Circular economy, 82, 273–278, 285, 288, 289, 324, 327, 329
Citizens science, 179 Civic uses, 326, 327
Climate change, 29, 49, 86, 119, 120, 125–127, 134, 135, 211–213, 215, 220, 221, 233, 234, 236, 277, 325
Collective memoirs, 239, 244 Common heritage, 311, 315, 317 Community lands, 327 Constituent policies, 335, 337, 338 Contemporary terraces, 139 Costiera Amalfitana, 10, 188, 252 Costiera triestina, 351
Cultural heritage, 1, 3, 45, 57, 72, 98, 102, 195, 230, 247, 256, 277, 278, 300, 307, 308, 313, 325, 336
Cultural landscapes, 29, 45, 50, 51, 57, 98, 99, 104, 248, 285, 299, 300
D
Distributive policies, 338
Diversity and biodiversity, 3, 38, 122 Drainage systems, 236
Dry stone terraces, 152, 154, 339
Dry Stone Walling Association-Société de la Pierre Sèche (DSWA SPS), 28
Dry stone walls, 47, 55, 144, 148–153, 274, 315
DTM lidar analysis, 179, 191
E
Ecological knowledge, 159, 161, 174, 235 Economic analysis, 260
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Economic-territorial perspective, 273 Ecosystem services, 40, 225–228, 230, 231,
233–237, 273, 280–285, 287, 288, 308 Écoumène, 239
Environment, 14, 37, 38, 47, 54, 65, 79, 86–88, 98, 125, 143, 160, 161, 172, 181–183, 188, 201, 211, 214, 215, 219, 235–237, 240–243, 247, 261, 275, 276, 313, 318, 326, 331, 332
Environmental factors, 97, 105, 279 Environmental history, 7, 8, 36 Environmental Sciences, 83
Europe, 1, 2, 9, 12–15, 18–21, 28, 52, 80, 99, 140, 220, 296, 325, 328
European projects and policies, 83, 268 European terraced landscapes, 1 European wine regions, 8
Evolutionary plant breeding, 211, 221
F
Farmers’ knowledge, 211 Food safety and security, 221
Food security, 58, 130, 159, 174, 221, 279 France, 9, 10, 12, 14, 28, 37, 63–65, 67, 70, 71,
73–76, 220, 221, 244, 246, 248, 286
G
Garden terraces, 148
Geographical distribution, 126, 179 Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 97,
104, 105, 181–183, 186, 252, 259, 269 Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) analysis, 125, 185, 187 Geography of wine, 73
Gold Rush times, 139
H
Hani terraces, 225, 226
Health, 112, 135, 211–213, 215, 274, 277, 279, 281, 283, 287, 289, 324
Heritage, 19, 28–30, 34, 35, 37, 38, 57, 58, 79, 80, 87, 98–100, 102, 116, 123, 125, 134, 135, 142–144, 146, 148, 151, 152, 179, 203, 236, 247, 248, 252, 253, 261, 268, 269, 274, 285–287, 299–301, 306, 311–316, 318, 323, 325, 330, 332, 335–337, 340, 342–344, 346
Heritage value, 335, 337
Highlands, 68, 126, 131, 142, 161, 164, 174, 216, 217
High-resolution satellite images, 179 Historical-economic development, 21 Historical evolution, 99, 139, 252, 297
Index
Historical rural landscapes, 252, 337
History, 8, 15, 19, 37, 66, 70, 84, 97, 98, 102, 103, 116, 125, 140, 153, 154, 163, 203, 206, 226, 227, 241, 256, 269, 278, 299, 300, 312, 313, 315, 328, 346
History of viticulture, 9 Humanities, 98, 99, 102, 323
I
Impacts of tourism, 295, 298, 302, 305, 307 International Terraced Landscapes Alliance (ITLA), 4, 29, 41, 89, 98, 252
Inventory process, 98
Irrigation systems, 83, 128, 132, 133, 160, 161, 167
Ischia-Costiera Amalfitana, 351 Italian Alpine Club, 41, 192
Italy, 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 19, 28–30, 33, 35, 36, 49, 72, 87, 99, 144, 179, 180, 183, 191, 192, 196, 199–201, 220, 221, 242, 247, 251–253, 263, 269, 277, 285, 305, 311, 323, 326, 335–337, 339–342, 346
J
Japan, 76, 225–228, 233, 234, 236, 237, 277
L
La Gomera, 101, 103, 105, 106
Land abandonment, 70, 195, 197, 207, 233, 279–281, 284, 288
Land degradation, 2, 58, 195, 196, 200, 212 Land management, 84, 86, 87, 203, 205, 286,
324, 325, 327, 330 Land property, 203, 239 Landscape agronomy, 203–207
Landscape observatories, 252, 335, 338, 340–343, 346, 347
Landscape perception, 87
Landscapes of Special Relevance, 79, 88 Landscape-tourism relationships, 295 Landscape typology, 64, 65, 116
Landslides, 2, 3, 49, 50, 54, 82, 199, 202, 207, 234, 235, 336, 344
Land use, 34, 35, 51, 54, 97, 125, 182, 206, 227, 229, 257, 281, 283–285
Lidar, 29, 30, 46, 50, 87, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185–188, 191, 192, 201, 202
Local agricultural systems, 295
Local communities, 256, 261, 273, 274, 295, 296, 298, 301, 307, 308, 314, 324, 326, 328, 332
Local development, 40, 277, 295, 299, 304, 308, 312, 330
Index
M
Macaronesia, 98
Mapping, 3, 29–31, 87, 88, 100, 179–185, 191, 192, 201–203, 205, 206, 288, 343
Mapping methodologies, 29
MAPTER project, 29, 31–35, 41, 179, 180, 184, 185, 188, 191, 192
Marketing policies, 252, 262, 265, 266, 269 Mayan civilization, 172
Mediterranean area, 9, 50 Mesoamerica, 159–161
Mexico, 159–167, 173, 174, 237 Migrations, 13
Modernization, 237, 336
Multifunctionality, 3, 300
N
New peasants, 344
New South Wales, 139, 152
O
Olive-growing terraces, 251, 253, 254 Ossola valley, 351
P
Pantelleria, 10, 15, 20, 33, 34, 351 Participatory planning processes, 251, 261,
266, 268
Peru, 1, 2, 49, 99, 119–121, 125, 127, 133, 135, 277
Physical environment, 99, 239–241 Piedmont region, 311
Place awareness, 311, 314
Public policies, 120, 126, 326, 335, 336, 338, 340, 342, 346, 347
Q
Quality of life, 135, 269, 289, 315
R
Recovery projects, 48 Redistributive policies, 338 Regional bibliography, 83 Regional geography, 13, 63 Regulatory policies, 336–338
Remote sensing, 3, 182, 204, 205, 207 Resilience, 211, 213, 236, 274
Rules and regulations, 329, 331
Rural Agricultural Productive Development
Program (AgroRural), 119, 120, 123–125, 135
Rural geography, 65 Rural lifestyle, 225
355
S
Satoyama landscape, 225–231, 233, 235–237 Seeds, 40, 47, 213, 215, 279, 285
Slovenia, 9, 45–58 Social structures, 135
Social water management, 119 Socio-ecological pressures, 225 Socio-economic analysis, 251, 253 Socio-economic systems, 295, 302
Soil erosion, 1, 3, 46, 81, 82, 86, 162, 163, 170, 174, 197, 202, 206, 207, 279
Soil management, 85, 131, 159, 203 Southwestern China, 225, 227
Spain, 10, 14, 79–81, 83–85, 88, 98–100, 102, 237, 240, 241, 245, 247, 299
Spatial pattern, 225, 228 Spatial planning, 45, 46, 252 Strategic planning, 324
Sustainable agriculture, 126, 134, 335 Sustainable development, 49, 75, 99 Sustainable territorial development, 273
T
Tangible and intangible heritage, 251 Technical systems, 239, 243 Terraced areas inventory, 121 Terraced crops, 64, 174
Terraced lands, 18, 239, 243–245, 247 Terraced vineyards, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 47–49,
52, 53, 57, 73, 81
Terraces abandonment and degradation, 36 Terraces cartography, 120
Terraces distribution, 16, 162 Terraces typologies, 49, 191 Territorial identity, 311 Territorial regeneration, 273, 288
3rd World Meeting on Terraced Landscapes, 351
Topographic conditions, 195 Topolò-Dordolla, 351
Tourism development, 58, 235, 295, 297, 298, 300, 301, 306–308
Traditional agricultural landscape, 225, 258 Traditional agricultural systems, 159, 161, 174,
217, 288
Traditional agriculture, 159, 161, 174, 284 Traditional rural landscapes, 39 Trajectivity, 239
Trentino, 10, 29–31, 339
U
Umbria region, 251, 253, 254
UNESCO World Heritage List, 40
356
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), 179, 180, 182, 183, 188, 190–192
Urban planning, 3, 252 Urban policies, 273 Urban-rural development, 273 Urban-rural policies, 273
V
Valpolicella-Valdobbiadene, 351
Valstagna, 39, 323, 326
Index
Venice and Padova, 351
W
Waterways, 14, 21, 144
Wet rice terraces, 225
Wine landscapes, 19
Y
Yemen, 215, 219