VI. Answer the following questions. Use the questions as a plan for your retelling of the text.

1. What was the first pipe line manufactured from?

2. What material replaced wrought-iron?

3. When did steel become available in bulk?

4 What grades of steel are used for manufacturing pipe lines?

5. What other materials are used for the construction of pipe lines?

6. What is an alloy?

7. Why is steel often alloyed with other metals?

8. Why are the most alloys unsuitable for oil and gas pipes?

9. What new materials have found wide application for the production of pipes?

10. What are the advantages of plastic pipes?

VII. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the Infinitive.

1. То solve this problem is extremely important. 2. To solve this problem we had to make a great number of experiments. 3. The problem to be solved is very important. 4. The engineers had to solve many problems before designing this machine. 5. This worker is too inexperienced to solve this problem without any help. 6. To obtain corrosion-resistant material is of extreme importance for pipeline construction. 7. The scientists are trying to obtain new materials for pipe line construction. 8. To obtain accurate results it may be necessary to use a number of gauges. 9. The amount of polonium to be obtained from a uranium mineral can be simply calculated.

8. Make the four forms of the verbs:

to vary to lay

to withstand to draw

to meet to dig

to string to know

IX. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.

1. То determine the size of the new line we must know five factors. (In order to determine the size of...) 2. To insure the pipe being perfectly clean it is often washed. (In order to insure... ) 3. To meet an increasing demand for oil the geologists should search for new oil fields. (The geologists should search for new oil field to meet an increasing demand for oil). 4. To increase the delivery capacity of the oil and gas pipe lines engineers are looking for new materials and methods. 5. The lines must be large enough to meet maximum requirements. 6. Steel is often alloyed to increase its strength.

X. Translate into Russian using the proper function of the Infinitive.

1. Чтобы транспортировать нефть...

2. Чтобы построить трубопровод...

3. Чтобы сконструировать нефтехранилище...

4. Чтобы решить эту проблему...

5. Чтобы увеличить прспускную способность трубопрсвода, необходимо...

6. Чтобы использовать этот метод, мы должны...

XI. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the use of the Complex Object and the Complex Subject. А

1. We know the engineers to use this method. We know the engineers to be using this method. We know the engineers to have used this method. We know the engineers to have been using this method for several years. We know this method to be used in industry. We know this method to have been used in industry. 2. The newspaper reports the work of the modern pumping stations to be regulated automatically. 3. The engineers find oil and gas transportation through pipe lines to be the most economical method. 4. We heard many refineries be built in our country. We hear many refineries have been built in our country. 5. We expect further experiments to be made with new types of equipment. 6. We want the scientists to increase the efficiency of this pipe line. 7. People who live in Moscow know the construction of the gas line Saratov-Moscow to have greatly changed their living conditions. 8. The scientists believe this method to give good results.

B

1. Russia is known to build many pipe lines. Russia is known to be building a new pipe line. Russia is known to have been building this pipe line for two years. Many pipelines are known to be built in our country. Many pipelines are known to have been built in our country since 1990. 2. This method is considered to be very useful. 3. The pumping station is expected to be built next year. 4. Modern technical equipment is reported to have been used in constructing this refinery. 5. Alloyed steels are found to be much stronger than plain carbon steels. 6. Most corrosion-resisting alloys are said to be unsuitable for oil and gas pipe lines. 7. Several new types of pipelaying machines are reported to have been designed by our engineers. 8. The initial temperature of oil at each pumping station is expected to range from 120 to 180°F. 9. Iron and steel have proved to be the best material for manufacturing pipe lines. 10. This plant seems to have been producing such equipment since 1960. 11. Plastic tubes appear to find wide application. 12. This method did not appear to have given good results. 13. Heating oil to reduce its viscosity is unlikely to be widely used because in our climate it does not prove to be economical. 14. There appears to be an increasing tendency to use large diameter pipes. 15. The construction of this pumping station is certain to be completed in two months. 16. They are sure to help us.