- •Т.Д.Максимова
- •Old english period seminar 1
- •Seminar 2
- •The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) – 2 bc
- •Verner’s Law
- •The Second Consonant Shift
- •Periods in the History of English
- •Oe Phonetic Structure
- •Consonants
- •Phonetic changes in oe vowels
- •Quantitative
- •In open syllables
- •1) ⋎ Two consonants
- •2) In three-syllable words
- •Oe Nouns Strong Declension
- •W n-stemeak Declension
- •Root declension
- •Personal Pronouns in oe
- •Demonstrative pronouns in oe
- •Adjectives in oe
- •The verb System in Old English
- •Old English Verb Categories
- •Morphological classification of the verb
- •Preterite-Present verbs
- •Suppletive verbs bēon, wesan; ʒān
- •Anomalous verbs willan, dōn
- •Syntax in Old English
- •Old English Vocabulary Native words
W n-stemeak Declension
masc. |
fem. & n |
|
masc. |
fem. |
neut. | |||||
sing. |
pl. |
sing. |
pl. |
|
sing. |
pl. |
sing. |
pl. |
sing. |
pl. |
a |
an |
e |
an |
|
nama |
naman |
cwene |
cwenan |
e ͞are |
e ͞aran |
an |
ena |
an |
ena |
|
naman |
namena |
cwenan |
cwenena |
e ͞aran |
e ͞arena |
an |
um |
an |
um |
|
naman |
namum |
cwenan |
cwenum |
e ͞aran |
e ͞arum |
an |
an |
an/e |
an |
|
naman |
naman |
cwenan |
cwenan |
e ͞are |
e ͞aran |
Root declension
masc. |
fem. & n |
|
masc. |
fem. |
| |||||
sing. |
pl. |
sing. |
pl. |
|
sing. |
pl. |
sing. |
pl. |
|
|
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
man(n) |
men(n) |
mūs |
mӯs |
|
|
es |
a |
e |
a |
|
mannes |
manna |
mūse |
mūsa |
|
|
– |
um |
– |
um |
|
men |
mannum |
mӯs |
mūsum |
|
|
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
man(n) |
men(n) |
mūs |
mӯs |
|
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Personal Pronouns in oe
|
1st p
|
2d p.
|
3d p. msc |
3d p. neut |
3d p. fem |
Duel
|
Pl. 1st p |
Pl. 2d p. |
Pl. 3d p |
N. G. D. A. |
ic mīn mē mē |
þū þīn þē þē |
hē his him hine |
hit his him hit |
he̅o hiere hiere hi̅e |
wit uncer unc unc |
wē ūre ūs ūs(ic) |
se e̅ower e̅ow e̅ow(ic) |
hi̅e, hi̅o, hī, hӯ hiera, hira, heora, hyra him, heom hi̅e, he̅o, hī, hӯ |
Demonstrative pronouns in oe
There were two types of demonstrative pronouns: the first with the demonstrative meaning considerably weakened; and the second, with a clear demonstrative meaning.
Weak demonstrative meaning
|
sing. |
pl. |
As the lexical meaning was weakened the grammatical meaning acquired a larger force and eventually the pronoun developed into the definite article: sē þæt se̅o > the | ||
|
Masc. |
Neut. |
Fem. | ||
N. |
sē |
þæt |
se̅o |
þā | |
G. |
þǣs |
þǣs |
þǣre |
þāra | |
D. |
þǣm |
þǣm |
þǣre |
þǣm | |
Acc. |
þone |
þæt |
þā |
þā | |
Instr. |
|
þӯ |
|
| |
|
Clear demonstrative meaning |
Demonstrative pronouns were frequently used as noun determiners and through agreement with the noun indicated its number, gender and case thus helping to define the forms of the nouns in ambiguous cases: e.g. þæt bān=sing. þā bān= pl. | |||
N. |
ðes |
ðis |
ðe ͞os |
ðās | |
G. |
ðisses |
ðisses |
ðisse |
ðissa | |
D. |
ðissum |
ðissum |
ðise |
ðissum | |
Acc. |
ðisne |
ðis |
ðās |
ðās | |
Instr. |
ðys |
ðys |
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Adjectives in oe
Indefinite forms |
Definite forms | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʒōd man – добрый человек (вообще) ʒōd cwene – добрая женщина (вообще) lytel bearn – маленький ребенок (вообще) |
sē ʒōd man добрый человек (данный) se̅o ʒōde cwene добрая женщина (данная) sē lytele bearn маленький ребенок (данный) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
strong declension |
weak declension | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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