- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to underlined words and emphatic constructions.
- •7. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian paying attention to different functions of the verb «to be».
- •7. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian:
- •10. Read the text and render its content in Russian:
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Find the beginning for the following endings.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the meanings of the following words. Translate them into Russian in writing.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the following terms.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •8. Compare the system of checks and balances of the us with that of Russia. Pay attention to the differences in these systems. The plan below may be helpful.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Insert the English equivalents used in the text.
- •9. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •Political Parties
- •12. Read the article and do the tasks that follow it:
- •13. Answer the following questions:
- •14. Agree or disagree with the following:
- •16. Review the article.
- •17. Read and translate the article:
- •20. Answer the following questions:
- •21. Find in the article the facts to prove that:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •IV. Find in the text the facts to prove that:
- •VII. Could you give any examples from history or your personal experience when «the rule of law» works? do you support the idea that «the law is the highest judge»?
- •VIII. Read the following item and render its idea in russian:
- •X. Answer the following questions:
- •Xl agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •XII. Divide the text into logical parts, make up an outline of the text and speak on the text in accordance with your outline. Word study
- •I. Give russian equivalents for:
- •Word study
- •Word study
- •Authority
- •The state
- •Word study
- •Word study
- •Word study
- •The philosophical tradition
- •The empirical tradition
- •Word study
- •Word study
- •The Evolution of Pluralism
- •Word study
- •Word study
- •Word study
- •Text III
- •Text IV
- •In children (by Christine Russell)
- •Text VI
- •Text VII
- •Word study
- •Text VIII
- •Postmodern tv (by Steven Connor)
1. Read and translate the text
LOCKE AND MONTESQUIEU
1. The intellectual foundations of modern constitutional democracy were laid during the European Enlightenment, an 18th-century philosophic movement marked by its rejection of traditional social, religious and political ideas and its emphasis on rationalism. Two of its most influential thinkers were English political philosopher John Locke and French jurist and political philosopher Montesquieu.
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In 1690 Locke published his seminal Two Treaties of Government. His assertion that all legitimate government rests upon «the consent of the governed» profoundly altered discussions of political theory and promoted the development of democratic institutions.
2. With his assertion of natural law, Lock rebutted the claim that government, specifically monarchy, was an aspect of a divinely ordained chain of being. Natural law is identical with the law of God, Locke argued, and guarantees to all men basic rights, including the right to life, to certain liberties, and to own property and keep the fruits of one's labor. To secure these rights, Locke argued, men in civil society enter into a contact with their government. The citizen is bound to obey the law, while the government has the right to make laws and to defend the commonwealth from foreign injury - all for the public good. Locke asserted that when any government becomes lawless and arbitrary, the citizen has the right to overthrow the regime and institute a new government.
3. Locke's theory of natural law inspired a generation of Enlightenment philosophers in Europe and the New World — from Jean Jacques Rousseau in France to David Hume in Scotland, Immanuel Kant in Germany and Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin in what became the United States. But his foremost successor was probably Montesquieu who, like Locke, believed in republican government based on the consent of the governed, but not in democracy founded on majority rule. In The Spirit of Laws, published in 1748, Montesquieu advocated separating and balancing powers between the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government as a means of guaranteeing the freedom of the individual. This doctrine also helped to form the philosophical basis for the U.S. Constitution, with its division of power among the presidency, the Congress and the judiciary.
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2. Answer the following questions.
Who laid the intellectual foundations of modern con stitutional democracy?
What principles did this philosophic movement rely on?
What Locke's idea profoundly altered discussions of political theory and promoted the development of demo cratic institutions?
What are the main ideas of Locke's natural law?
What basic rights does this law guarantee?
How do citizens and their government coexist?
Who was Locke's foremost successor?
Did Montesquieu believe in a democratic government?
What was his ideal of government?
10) What doctrine did Montesquieu advocate in his book «The Spirit of Laws»?
3. Complete the following sentences.
This philosophic movement was marked by ... .
Natural law is identical with ... .
Locke rebutted the claim that government, specifical ly monarchy, was ... .
This law guarantees ... .
Men in civil society enter into a contact with their government to ... .
When any government becomes lawless and arbitrary the citizens have the right to ... .
Montesquieu believed in ... .
He didn't believe in ... .
Montesquieu advocated ....
10) This doctrine helped to form ... .