Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

amount n — количество announce v — объявлять, заяв¬лять combine v — сочетать(ся), комбинировать(ся), объеди¬нять(ся) combined with — в сочетании с efficiency n — производитель¬ность, КПД, эффективность e.g. (for example) — например expect v — ожидать, предпо¬лагать extreme a — крайний, чрезвы¬чайный combustion n — горение complicated p.p. — сложный conventional a — обычный, стандартный currently adv — в настоящее время disadvantage n — недостаток measure n — мера

noise n — шум overall a — полный, общий overcome v — преодолевать resistance п — сопротивление stress n — напряжение friction n — трение fuel n — топливо heat v — нагревать(ся) inject v — впрыскивать, вводить mainly adv — главным образом structure n — конструкция, структура substitute v — заменять, подставлять vaporize v — испарять(ся) velocity n — скорость apart from — помимо, кроме way out — выход

A New Era for Aircraft

Aviation experts expect that today's aircraft (слово aircraft, а так же все другие слова, оканчивающие на –craft, имеют форму только единственного числа) will begin, to be replaced with some new form of supersonic (транспортный ЛА) transport in a few years' time. A 21st century hypersonic aircraft may open a new age of aircraft design.

The designers of this country (наша страна) displayed (to display – показывать на выставке) the project of such a supersonic passenger liner (авиалайнер) among the prospective models at one of the latest Aerospace Salon held on the old Le Bourget airfield¹ in Paris. An elongated (удлиненный) fuselage with a sharp nose (заостренная носовая часть) and without a horizontal stabilizer (горизонтальное оперение) makes it look more like (выглядеть, иметь внешний вид) a rocket. The speed matches (соответствовать) the looks². This plane will fly at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound, e.g. (= for example), it will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The diameter of the fuselage will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the cabin accommodating (accommodate – вмещать) 300 passengers. The future superplanes of such a class will have no windows, but the passengers can enjoy³ watching the panorama of the Earth on the TV monitor at the front of the cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would make the structure too weak to withstand (выдерживать) the stresses (напряжения, но здесь: нагрузки (на конструкцию)) at such a speed. At high velocities (= speeds) the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is so great that the skin (обшивка) is heated to very high temperature. The only way out (выход (из затруднительного положения)) is to fly higher. Therefore, airliners' routes (маршруты) will mainly (= chiefly, basically) lie (пролегать) in the stratosphere.

In general (в принципе), to build a reliable (надежный) hypersonic plane one has (неопределенно-личная форма + модальное значение гл. have, выражающее долженствование) to overcome (преодолевать) a whole set of (целый ряд) technological and scientific difficulties. Apart from creating highly economical combined engines and heat-insulating materials⁴, the designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that can't be performed without using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible (по возможности максимально экономичный) is lightening (to lighten – облегчать; снижать вес) the aircraft by substituting (to substitute for – использовать (что-то) вместо чего0то, заменять) new composite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for⁵ less than 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An extensive use of new materials combined with (в сочетании с) better aerodynamics and engines will allow (позволять, обеспечивать возможность) increasing fuel efficiency by one-third⁶.

Because of (из-за, вследствие; благодаря) the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere friction (трение), a hypersonic craft ((летательный) аппарат) will also require complicated (сложный) cooling (охлаждение) measures (способы (средства) охлаждения). One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, as (как, в качестве) both coolants⁷ and propellants (propellant – топливо (ракетное, реактивное)). The fuel flowing through the aircraft's skin (обшивка) would cool the surfaces as (так как) it vaporizes (to vaporize – испарять(ся)) before being injected (to inject - впрыскивать) into combustion chamber (камера сгорания).

In addition (кроме того), specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines (винтовые двигатели) considered much more (гораздо более) economical and less noisy (шумный) than jets (реактивные двигатели). The only (единственный) disadvantage (недостаток) is that propeller planes fly slower than jet (реактивный) planes. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded in⁸ (требует) solving this problem. As a result, a fan (турбовентиляторный) engine with a propeller of ten fibre-glass (стекловолокно) blades (лопасти) has been built, each being five meters long. It will be mounted (mount – устанавливать) in the experimental passenger plane.

Notes to the Text

1. Le Bourget airfield — аэропорт Ле Бурже 2. the looks — внешний вид 3. can enjoy — с удовольствием (здесь) 4. heat-insulating materials — теплоизолирующие материалы

5. accounting for — составляя 6. by one-third — на одну треть 7. coolant — охлаждающая жидкость (хладагент) 8. succeeded in — удалось