- •1. Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes
- •2.Various ways of word-building in Modern e..
- •3.Modern e. Phraseology.
- •4.Lexico-semantic grouping in Modern e. Lexicon
- •5. The Latin borrowing of different periods & their historical background
- •6. French as the most important foreign influence on the e. Language (at 2 historical periods)
- •7.Gram. Category of the Noun. Case.
- •8.Gram. Category of the Verb.Voice
- •Category of voice
- •E.G. The furniture became covered in dust.
- •9 The theory of phrase
- •Subordinate word-groups fall into 2 parts: the head (an independent component) & the adjunct (a dependent component) a good [adjunct] book [head] Subordinate word-groups can be classified:
- •10.The sentence
- •Types of Sentences According to Structure
- •11 Categorical structure of the word
- •12.The theory of phoneme
- •13.Lex. Stylistic devices.
- •14 Lexico-syntactical sd
- •Periphrasis a sd, which basically consists of using a round-about form of expression in stead of a simple one e.G. Weak sex, root of the devil(money)
- •15.The theory of intonation
- •16.Phonetic & Graph. Stylistic devices
- •Graph. Sd
- •17.Syntactical stylistic devices
- •Repetition (sd) is reiteration of the same word, word combination, phrase for 2 or more times. Several types:
- •18 Parts of speech(Gram. Classes of Words)
- •19 Types of meaning.Semantic structure of a word.
- •Change of meaning
- •20 The adj.. The category of Comparison.
- •21 Category of Definiteness - Indefiniteness
- •The functions of the indefinite article
- •The functions of the definite article
5. The Latin borrowing of different periods & their historical background
The role of Latinwas very important due to such historic events asthe Roman occupation of Britain, the influence of the Roman civilization & the introduction of Christianity. That’s why Latin greatly influenced OE: its alphabet, the growth of writing & literature.
Latin words entered the E. language at different stages of OE history. Chronologically they can be divided into several layers:
1) The oldest layer wordswere borrowed into E. in the 1stc. BC. Most of the territory known to us as now Europe was occupied by Roman Empire. Among the inhabitants of the continent are Germanic tribes. After a number of wars between Germanic tribes & the Romans, these 2 opposing peoples come into peaceful contact. Trade is carried. & the Germanic people get knowledge of some new & useful things. The first among them arenew things to eat. It is from the Romans that the Germanic tribes learn how to make butter & cheese. & as there are no words for these foodstuffs in their tribal languages, they are to use Latin words to name them.
It is also to the Romans that the Germanic tribes gain the knowledge of some new fruits & vegetables. & the Latin names of these fruits & vegetablesenter the language: cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, plant.
Among other language borrowings of this period are: cup, kitchen, kettle, dish, pie
2) The second layerconsists of words, which directly or indirectly belong to the sphere ofreligion & church, & words connected with learning. This period of Latin influence began with the introduction of Christianity inthe late 6th century& lasted to the end of OE. The total number of Latin loan-words in OE exceeds 500, this layer accounting for over 400 words. As Latin was the official language of the Christian Church, so Latin borrowings came from church Latin that time. & indicated persons, objects & ideas associated with church, religion & rituals.
e.g. priest, bishop, abbot, pope, monk, angle, c&le, devil.
After the introduction of Christianity many monastic schoolswere set up in Britain. The spread of education led to the wider use of Latin: teaching was conducted in Latin, or consisted of learning Latin.
e.g. school, scholar, magister
Also: accent, grammar, meter, notary, decline
A great number of miscellaneousborrowings came from Latin probably because they indicated new objects & new ideas, introduced into E. life together with their Latin names by those who had a good comm& of Latin: monks, priests, school-masters. Some of these scholarly words became part of everyday voc-ry. They belong todifferent semantic spheres:
names of trees & plants: elm, lily, pine, pear, mint, fennel, rose, plant.
of illnesses & words pertaining to medical treatment: cancer, fever, plaster.
names of animals: camel, elephant, tiger, mule.
names of clothes & household duties: cap, mat, sack, sock, silk.
names of foods: beet, oyster, radish.
The Latin impact on the OE vocabulary was not restricted to borrowing of words. There were also other aspects of influence. The most important of them is the appearance of the so-called “translation-loans” – words & phrases created on the pattern of Latin words as their literal translations. The earliest examples of translation-loans are names of the days of the week: Monday ═ day of the Moon, Tuesday ═ day of Mars, Wednesday ═ day of Mercury.
3) & again in the 16th-17th following the period of Renaissance, Latin became increasingly important as the language of learning & academic life
e.g. philosophy, music, phenomenon, to collect, to attract, to illustrate..