И. Р. Гальперин стилистика английского языка

Москва «Высшая школа» 1981

Contents

PART I INTRODUCTION 6

I. GENERAL NOTES ON STYLE AND Stylistics 6

2. EXPRESSIVE MEANS (EM) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES (SD) 21

3. GENERAL NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF LANGUAGE 29

4. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE 31

5. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE 37

6. MEANING FROM A STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW 53

PART II STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 65

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 65

2. NEUTRAL, COMMON LITERARY AND COMMON COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 66

3. SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY 70

a) Terms 70

b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words 73

c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 77

d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms 81

e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 86

4. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 98

a) Slang 98

b) Jargonisms 103

c) Professionalisms 106

d) Dialectal words 109

e) Vulgar words or vulgarisms 111

f) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings) 112

PART Ш PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 116

GENERAL NOTES 116

Onomatopoeia 117

Alliteration 118

Rhyme 120

Rhythm 121

PART IV LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 127

A. INTENTIONAL MIXING OF THE STYLISTIC ASPECT OF WORDS 127

B. INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANING 130

1. INTERACTION OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED MEANINGS 130

Metaphor 131

Metonymy 135

Irony 138

3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE MEANINGS 144

Interjections and Exclamatory Words 145

The Epithet 148

Oxymoron 153

4. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS 155

Antonomasia 155

C. INTENSIFICATION OF A CERTAIN FEATURE OF A THING OR PHENOMENON 157

Simile 158

Periphrasis 160

Euphemism 163

Hyperbole 166

D. PECULIAR USE OF SET EXPRESSIONS 167

The Cliche 168

Proverbs and Sayings 171

Epigrams 174

Allusions 177

Decomposition of Set Phrases 179

PART V SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 180

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 180

B. PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION OF SPANS OF UTTERANCE LARGER THAN THE SENTENCE 182

Supra-Phrasal Units 184

The Paragraph 187

C. COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS OF SYNTACTICAL ARRANGEMENT 191

Stylistic Inversion 192

Detached Construction 194

Parallel Construction 196

Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 198

Repetition 199

Enumeration 204

Suspense 205

Climax (Gradation) 207

Antithesis 209

D. PARTICULAR WAYS OF COMBINING PARTS OF THE UTTERANCE (LINKAGE) 212

Asyndeton 213

Polysyndeton 214

The Gap- Sentence Link 215

E. PARTICULAR USE OF COLLOQUIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 217

Ellipsis 219

Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis) 220

Question-in-the-Narrative 222

Represented Speech 223

a) Uttered Represented Speech 225

b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech 228

F. STYLISTIC USE OF STRUCTURAL MEANING 230

Rhetorical Questions 230

Litotes 232

PART VI FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 235

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 235

A. THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE 236

1. LANGUAGE OF POETRY 238

a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 238

Metre and Line 238

The Stanza 243

Free Verse and Accented Verse 246

b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse 249

2. EMOTIVE PROSE 255

3. LANGUAGE OF THE DRAMA 265

B. PUBLICISTS STYLE 271

1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES 272

2. THE ESSAY 277

3. JOURNALISTIC ARTICLES 279

C. NEWSPAPER STYLE 279

1. BRIEF NEWS ITEMS 282

2. ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS 285

3. THE HEADLINE 286

4. THE EDITORIAL 289

D. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE 291

E. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 296

FINAL REMARKS 301