- •Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine
- •Basic Symptoms and Syndromes in Diseases of Cardiovascular System.
- •Syndrome of cardiovascular failure
- •Etiology
- •Classification of heart failure
- •Classification of heart failure according n.D. Strazhesko and V.H. Vasilenko
- •Classification of heart failure according to New York Heart Association New York Heart Association Functional Classification (nyha)
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Acute heart failure Acute left ventricular failure
- •Cardiac asthma
- •Pulmonary edema
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Acute left atrial heart failure
- •Acute right ventricular heart failure
- •Etiology
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic heart failure Chronic left ventricular heart failure
- •Etiology
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic left atrial heart failure
- •Chronic right ventricular heart failure Etiology
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Syndrome of vascular failure
- •Syndrome of a syncope
- •Clinical features
- •Syndrome of collapse
- •Etiology
- •Clinical features
- •Syndrome of shock
- •Classification according to etiology
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Acute rheumatic fever
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Classification
- •The Jones Criteria for Rheumatic Fever, Updated 1992
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Contents heart valvular diseases
- •Mitral regurgitation
- •Etiology
- •Disorders of hemodynamics
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Mitral stenosis
- •Etiology
- •Disorders of hemodynamics
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Contents aortic stenosis
- •Etiology:
- •Disorders of hemodynamics
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Aortic regurgitation
- •Etiology
- •Disorders of hemodynamics
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Syndrome of the arterial hypertension
- •2. Endocrine hypertension:
- •3. Hemodynamic hypertension:
- •4. Neurogenic hypertension:
- •Clinical features
- •Essential hypertension
- •Etiology
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Ischemic heart disease
- •Etiology and pathogenesis
- •Classification of ischemic heart disease (ihd)
- •Stable angina
- •Clinical features
- •Canadian Cardiovascular Society classification of stable angina
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Acute coronary syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Unstable angina
- •Braunwald classification system for unstable angina (ua)
- •Intensity of treatment
- •Myocardial infarction
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Optimal time for estimation of myocardial markers of necrosis
- •Dynamic of laboratory markers of myocardial infarction
- •Sudden cardiac death
- •Clinical features
- •Literature
- •Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)
- •Classification of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Severity
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Etiology
- •Pathogenesis. On chronic bronchitis occurs development of classic pathogenetic triad:
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Bronchial asthma
- •Etiology
- •Classification
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Syndrome of bronchium obstruction (bronchospastic syndrome)
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Syndrome of increased airiness of the pulmonary tissue
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Bronchiectasis
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Pneumonia
- •Classification
- •Acute lobar pneumonia
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Bronchopneumonia (focal pneumonia)
- •Clinical features
- •Tumors of the lungs
- •Clinical features
- •Literature
- •Pleurisy
- •Dry pleurisy
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Pleurisy with effusion
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Syndrome of fluide accumulation in the pleural cavity
- •The main causes of pleural fluid accumulation
- •Classification
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Syndrome of air accumulation in the pleural cavity
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Respiratory insufficiency
- •Literature
- •Syndrom of functional dyspepsia
- •Classification
- •Clinical features
- •Chronic gastritis
- •Etiology
- •Classification
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Peptic ulcer disease (Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer)
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Cinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Complications
- •Irritable bowel syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Literature
- •Syndrome of bile ducts dyskinesia (dysfunctional bile tract disorders)
- •Classification
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic cholecystitis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Cholangitis
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Classification
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Jaundice
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Classification
- •II. Classification by grade or by stage:
- •Pathological anatomy
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Etiology
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Syndrome of portal hypertension
- •Classification
- •Hepatic insufficiency
- •Literature
- •Glomerulonephritis
- •Classification
- •Etiology
- •Acute glomerulonephritis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic glomerulonephritis (nephritic form)
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic glomerulonephritis (hypertensive form)
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic glomerulonephritis (mixed form).
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic glomerulonephritis (latent form)
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Pyelonephritis
- •Pathogenesis
- •Infectious agents may be transmitted by contact, hematogenous or lymphatic ways in obligatory presence of urodynamic abnormalities. Acute pyelonephritis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic pyelonephritis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Syndrom of chronic renal failure
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Classification of chronic renal diseases (nkf, usa)
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Syndrome of anemia
- •Classification
- •Iron deficiency anemia
- •Etiology
- •Vitamin b12 deficiency anemia
- •Hemolytic anemia
- •Classification of hemolytic anemias
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Complete Blood Count (cbc)
- •Normal wbc count
- •Complete Blood Count (cbc)
- •Literature
- •The main methods of laboratory diagnostics of hemorrhagic syndromes
- •Tests for plasma factors involved in coagulation and fibrinolisis
- •Hemorrhagic syndrome
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical feature
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Hemophilia b (Christinas' disease)
- •Clinical feature
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Eucosis (Hemoblastosis)
- •Classification of hemoblastosis
- •Acute myeloblastic leukemia
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic myelocytic leukemia
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Etiological classification of glycemia disorders
- •Classification according to clinical feature
- •Etiology and pathogenesis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- •Etiology and pathogenesis of insulin nondependent diabetes mellitus
- •Clinical features
- •Comparative clinical features of iddm and niddm
- •Hypoglycemia
- •Clinical features
- •Diabetic ketoacidosis
- •Clinical feature
- •Objective examination
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Additional methods of examination dm
- •Hyperthyridism
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical feature
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Hypothyroidism
- •Etiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Additional methods of examination
- •Literature
- •Contens
Clinical features
The main complaints in patients with acute pyelonephritis are fever, dull, constant and increasing in intensity pain in the back, perspiration, headache, nausea, vomiting and pain in the muscles, arthralgia and disorders of urination.
Objective examination: General patient's condition is from moderate grave to extremely grave. The temperature is constant increase to 38-39,5°С or has hectic type. May observed the clinic of bacterial shock. Pasternatsky's symptom is positive on one or bilateral, may detect tenderness of the muscles in loin region.
Complications: renal abscess, urosepsis, paranephritis.
Outcomes of disease: complete recovery, transformation to the chronic form.
Additional methods of examination
Clinical blood analysis: leukocytosis and accelerated ERS.
Clinical urine analysis: in macroscopic study - urine is yellow color, cloudiness, without odor, high specific gravity and non-significant proteinuria: in microscopic study observed large amount of leucocytes, pyuria, non-concstant microhematuria, cylindruna, in bacteriological study - bacteriuria.
Nechiporenko's method: prevalence of leucocytes under erythrocytes; casts more 250 in ml.
Biochemical blood analysis: without changes.
Additional instrumental methods: excretory urographia, ultrasound examination.
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis - chronic non-specific inflammatory process that characterized by primary affection of renal parenchyma, renal pelvis and tubules with father involvement to the pathological process of glomerulus and vessels.
Clinical features
The main complaints in patients with chronic pyelonephritis are subfebrile fever, dull, constant loin pain, perspiration, headache, nausea, arthralgia and disorders of urination.
Objective examination: General patient's condition is from moderate grave to extremely grave. The temperature is periods of progression increase to 38-39,5° C or has hectic type. May observed lost of weight. Pasternatsky's symptom is positive on one side or bilateral, may detect tenderness of the muscles in loin region.
Additional methods of examination
Clinical blood analysis: leukocytosis and accelerated ERS, anemia, erythropenia.
Clinical urine analysis: in macroscopic study - urine is yellow color, cloudiness, without odor, high specific gravity; in microscopic study observed large amount of leucocytes, non-constant microhematuria, cylindruria, in bacteriological study - bacteriuria.
Zimnitsky's test: in normal limited.
Nechiporenko's method: prevalence of leucocytes under erythrocytes.
Biochemical blood analysis: may observed increase of creatinin level.
Additional instrumental methods: excretory urography, ultrasound examination, renography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging.
Syndrom of chronic renal failure
Syndrome of chronic renal failure - clinical-laboratory symptomocomplex that occurs due to the significant decrease of nephrones quantity and quality that leads to the impaired secretory and excretory renal function, homeostasis disbalance, disturbances of all substances exchange, acid-alkaline disorder and abnormal all organs and systems work.