менгардт английский для техн вузов

−10 °C or rises above 35 °C. The prevailing wind is from the south-west, bearing frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean. Eastern parts are most sheltered from this wind and are therefore the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters, especially in the west, where winters are also wet, especially over high ground. Summers are the warmest in the south east of England, being the closest to the European mainland, and the coolest in the north. Snowfall can occur in winter and early spring, though it rarely settles to any great depth away from high ground.

4.Though the UK does not have an official language, the predominant spoken language is English. The other indigenous languages are Scots (which is closely related to English) and the Insular Celtic languages. The English language has spread to all corners of the world (largely due to the British Empire) and has thus become the business language of the world. Worldwide, it is taught as a second language more than any others.

5.The UK is traditionally a Christian state. Of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, only England still has a state faith in the form of an established church. Christianity is the majority religion, and a wide variety of Christian churches, denominations, and sects exist.

6.London is a major center for international business and commerce and is the leader of the three “command centers” for the global economy (along with New York City and Tokyo). For over twenty-five years, the British economy has corresponded with what has been described by some since the 1980s as the Anglo-Saxon model, focusing on the principles of liberalization, the free market, and low taxation and regulation. Based on market exchange rates, the United Kingdom is the fifth largest economy in the world and the second largest in Europe after Germany. The British started the Industrial Revolution, and, like most industrializing countries at the time, initially concentrated on heavy industries such as shipbuilding, coal mining, steel production, and textiles. Tourism is very important to the British economy. With over 27 million tourists a year, the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world.

7.The majority of children in the UK are educated in state-sector schools, only a small proportion of which select on the grounds of academic ability. Around 7 % of children in the UK are educated privately, the vast majority at the anachronistically named public schools. The products of public schools make up about 50 % of students at the leading universities of Cambridge and Oxford, as well as the majority of doctors, judges and business leaders.

Some of the UK’s 138 university level institutions are internationally renowned, especially those of Cambridge, Oxford, and London. In the 2006 30 UK institutions were ranked among the top 200 universities in the world.

8. The BBC is the UK’s publicly funded radio, television and internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and the largest broadcaster in the world. It operates several television channels and radio stations both in the UK and abroad. The BBC’s

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international television news service, BBC World, is broadcast throughout the world and the BBC World Service radio network is broadcast in thirty-three languages globally.

9.A number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including football, rugby, cricket, tennis and golf. The most popular sport in the UK is football. The UK is home to many world-renowned football clubs, such as Rangers, Liverpool, Manchester United, Chelsea, Arsenal and Celtic. Clubs compete in national leagues and competitions and some go on to compete in European competitions. The UK has proved its success in the international sporting arena in rowing. Rugby is a national sport. The game of tennis first originated from the UK’s second city of Birmingham between 1859 and 1865. The Wimbledon Championships are international tennis events held in Wimbledon in south London every summer and are regarded as the most prestigious event of the global tennis calendar.

10.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as the head of the state; the

monarch of the UK also serves as the head of the state of fifteen other Commonwealth countries, putting the UK in a personal union with those other states. The UK uses a parliamentary government based on strong democratic traditions, a system that has been emulated around the world — a legacy of the British Empire. The UK retains major economic, cultural, military and political influence today and is a nuclear power, with the second highest defense spending in the world. It holds a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the G8, NATO, the European Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.

7.3.Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).

1.The UK is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.

2.The UK includes around one thousand islands.

3.All parts of the United Kingdom have a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all the year round.

4.The official language of the UK is English.

5.Christianity is the majority religion, and a wide variety of Christian churches, denominations, and sects exist.

6.The British economy is initially concentrated on heavy industries such as shipbuilding, coal mining, steel production, and textiles.

7.The majority of children in the UK are educated in private schools.

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8.The BBC World Service radio network is broadcast in thirty languages globally.

9.The most popular sport in the UK is tennis.

10.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

7.4. Correct false sentences from exercise 7.3.

7.5. Complete	the	following sentences with		the expressions from
the box.
state-sector	focuses on		democratic traditions	tourist destination
The most popular		is surrounded by the most prestigious event
broadcaster	densely		majority religion

1.… … … sport in the UK is football.

2.The majority of children in the UK are educated in … schools.

3.The country … … … the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

4.The British economy … … the principles of liberalization, the free market, and low taxation and regulation.

5.The BBC corporation is the biggest and the largest … in the world.

6.The UK uses a parliamentary government based on strong … … .

7.The Wimbledon Championships is regarded as … … … … of the global tennis calendar.

8.Great Britain is one of the most … populated countries in Europe.

9.The United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major … … in the world.

10.Christianity is the … … of the country.

7.6.Read the following international words and notice their pronunciation.

economy	principles	monarchy
market	constitutional	permanent
globally	regulation	concentrate
parliamentary	private	service
Christianity	prestigious	cultural

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Table 7.1

Can / Can’t for Abilities

I can find the article about social policy in Russia.

I cannot (can’t) use a computer at all.

Can you find the description of this device on the Internet?

–Yes, I can.

–No, I can’t.

She could finish her calculations yesterday but something got wrong with her computer.

He could not (couldn’t) receive the information in time because he was very busy.

Could he include my paper in his book?

–Yes, he could.

–No, he couldn’t.

She was able to finish her calculations yesterday but something got wrong with her computer.

He was not (wasn’t) able to receive the information in time because he was very busy.

Was he able to include my paper in his book?

–Yes, he was.

–No, he wasn’t.

She will be able to finish her report by next Friday.

They will not (won’t) be able to e-mail us during the next week.

Will you be able to take part in the faculty meeting?

–Yes, I will.

–No, I won’t.

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7.7.Study the table and complete the sentences below with can or can’t.

	Steve	Kate	Megan
play tennis	&	×	×
swim	×	&	×
cook	×	&	&
sing	&	&	×
speak English	×	&	&
use a computer	&	×	&

1.Steve … play tennis but he … swim and speak English.

2.Steve and Kate … sing but Megan … sing.

3.Kate and Megan … speak English but Steve … speak English.

4.Megan and Kate … play tennis but they … cook.

5.Steve and Megan … use a computer but Kate … use a computer.

7.8.Read the conversation between Angela and Susan, then complete the table.

Angela: Well, mmm …. speaking about my childhood. I was very, very happy. My parents and grandparents were very kind to me. I think, I was a good child. I started talking when I was one. Just a few words. Yes, definitely. But I was two years old when I could talk. Then, I was two when I could count. I could count to ten. I counted dolls and teddy bears. Imagine how many I had. I began to read when I was five. I could read quite well. When I was eight, my granddad bought me a bicycle and taught me to ride. So I could ride a bike when I was eight. Yes, exactly. I guess, I could swim when I was four, and I could walk when I was one. I fell down and started crying. My father told me that my first steps were very funny.

Susan: I don’t remember exactly how old I was when I could read. I believe I was six. Yes, six. My mother remembers because it was she who taught me to read. But I am sure that I was ten when I could ride a bike and I was eight when I started swimming. I went to the local swimming pool with my class-mates. Yes, definitely, I was eight when I could swim. I think I could walk when I was two and I could talk very well when I was three. I could also count at this age. So, the life was different.

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	Angela	Susan
talk	2	…
count	…	3
read	5	…
walk	1	…
ride a bicycle	…	10
swim	4	…

7.9. Write sentences about Angela and Susan, as in the model.

Model: – Angela could talk when she was one, but Susan couldn’t talk until she was three.

7.10.Use the words and expressions from the box and make sentences, as in the model.

count	read	walk read	swim use a computer talk
play the guitar		ride a bicycle	write

Model: – I could talk when I was … but I couldn’t count until I was … .

Table 7.2

Expressing Certainty

Look at that man. He is wearing a white uniform. He must be a doctor. He can’t be a driver.

Listen to his accent. He must be from America.

Her lights are out. She can’t be at home.

He has a very expensive car. He must earn a lot of money.

She always wears old clothes. She can’t earn much money.

She is not at home. She may visit her parents.

He is upset. He might have some problems at work.

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7.11.Complete the following sentences with must or can’t.

1.His light is on. He … be at home.

2.Look at those books. Mr. Brown … read a lot.

3.These shoes are too big. They … belong to Susan.

4.Helen is eating chocolate again. She … like it very much.

5.Listen to his accent. He … be from America. He is certainly English.

6.Diana is very bad-tempered. She … have many friends.

7.Fred studies politics. He … be interested in it.

8.Steve is the best student of the university. He … work hard.

9.Lorry had lunch an hour ago. He … be hungry at all.

10.Sally has just arrived from Brighton. She … know London very well.

7.12.Match the following expressions with their equivalents.

1. to be late for appointment	a) личная жизнь
2. to take a gift	b) близкие друзья
3. to tell jokes	c) иметь возможность
4. to take the shoes off	d) разговаривать с полным ртом
5. to make smb. upset	e) опaздывать на встречу
6. to push into a queue	f) нечетное количество
7. to talk with full mouth	g) подарить подарок
8. an odd number of smth.	h) остановиться в гостинице
9. close friends	i) вкусная пища
10. private life	j) шутить
11. to have a chance	k) снимать обувь
12. to stay in a hotel	l) толкаться в очереди
13. a quiet place	m) тихое место
14. delicious food	n) расстроить кого-либо

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7.13.Read the following sentences and choose the correct variant.

1.In China, never / always be late for appointments.

2.In England, never / always ask personal questions.

3.In Germany, never / always take chocolate or flowers.

4.In Japan, never / always take a gift.

5.In China, never / always tall jokes to people you don’t know well.

6.In England never / always ask before smoking in someone’s house.

7.In Germany, never / always remove the paper before you give the flowers to the hostess.

8.In Japan, never / always take your shoes off when you enter the house.

9.In China, never / always kiss anyone in public.

10.In Japan, never / always sit anywhere you like.

7.14. Read the text.

CUSTOMS AROUND THE WORLD

When in China, don’t kiss anyone in public – it’s very rude. Never be late for appointments, and don’t tell jokes to people you don’t know very well. Be careful when you are eating, too – never leave your chopsticks pointing upwards in your rice because it makes people very upset. When you give someone a present, give it with both hands.

When in England, remember to say “please” and “thank you”. People’s private lives are very important so never ask personal questions. Never talk about religion or matters of finance, education or politics. Always stay with safe subjects like the weather, films, plays, books and restaurants. Never push into a queue of people or they will get angry. Don’t be late for appointments and don’t talk with your mouth full. Don’t forget to ask before smoking in someone’s house.

When you visit someone in Germany, take some chocolate or flowers. Remember to take an odd number of flowers, otherwise, people will find you impolite. Don’t forget to remove the paper before you give them to the hostess. Don’t take wine except when you visit close friends. If the invitation says eight o’clock, arrive exactly at eight.

When you visit someone in Japan, it is polite to take a gift. Remember to take your shoes off as you enter the house – they will give you special slippers to wear instead. Leave your shoes at the door, but make sure the toes are pointing towards the door. When you are in the living room, don’t sit anywhere you like – wait until somebody shows you where to sit. Also, don’t blow your nose in public – find a place where you can do it alone.

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Table 7.3

Ways of Giving Advice

Ask for permission if you want to smoke.

Don’t forget to take off your shoes as you enter the house.

Never take an odd number of flowers.

You should ask for permission if you want to smoke.

You should take off your shoes as you enter the house.

You shouldn’t take an odd number of flowers.

If I were you, I would take off my shoes before entering the house. If I were you, I wouldn’t take an odd number of flowers.

7.15.Read the text “Customs around the World” again and exchange the following sentences, as in the model.

Model A: – Never sit anywhere you like in the living room.

– You shouldn’t sit anywhere you like in the living room.

Model B: – Never sit anywhere you like in the living room.

–If I were you, I wouldn’t sit anywhere I like.

1.Don’t kiss anyone in public.

2.Don’t tell jokes to people you don’t know very well.

3.Be careful when you are eating.

4.Give a present with both hands.

5.Never ask people personal questions.

6.Never talk about religion or matters of finance, education or politics.

7.Don’t be late for appointments.

8.Arrive exactly at the time mentioned in the invitation.

9.Don’t sit anywhere you like in the living room.

10.Find a place where you can blow your nose alone.

7.16.Read the conversation between Hans from Germany and Helen from Russia. Write the numbers of the questions they are answering.

1.Where would you go for your perfect weekend?

2.How would you travel?

3.Where would you stay?

4.Would you take a companion?

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5.Would you take anything to read?

6.What would you have to eat and drink?

7.What three things you would most like to do?

Hans: Mmm… For my perfect weekend I would go to London. Yes, of course, to London. Nowhere else. It’s one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Perhaps I would spend there not a weekend. I would stay there for a week at least. I would travel with my family: my mum, dad, and two sisters. I would also take my cousin Rudolf. If we had a weekend in London, the first thing I would do … er … . We would go sightseeing. We would visit the National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, the Houses of Parliament, the Westminster Abbey and the famous Big Ben of course. The second thing would be the shopping. I know from my friends that Oxford Street is fantastic for shopping. My sisters would buy a lot of fashionable clothes. And the third thing….

. If I were in London I would go for a walk to beautiful parks and gardens. Well, it’s my dream which will probably come true.

Helen: Oh, that’s a very good idea to have a perfect weekend somewhere in a quiet place in England, say Stratford-upon-Avon. It is a very romantic town in the southwest of England. I am very busy at the moment and have a lot of things to do at work. So, if I had a chance, I would definitely go to Stratford. It’s the place where Shakespeare was born. I would travel alone, no any companion. Not even a telephone. I would stay in a quiet and friendly hotel in the center of the city. In the evenings I would have dinner in the restaurant. There are some fantastic restaurants there. The food is delicious: pepper steak, roast chicken, fish with rice, tomato soup. I can’t help waiting when I get there.

Table 7.4

Conditionals II

If I had a chance, I would go to London.

If Hans went to London, he would go sightseeing.

If I didn’t know Ann well, I wouldn’t invite her to my birthday party. Helen wouldn’t take a companion if she went to Stratford.

Would you travel to Italy if you had enough money?

–Yes, I would.

–No, I wouldn’t.

What would you change in your country if you were the President?

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