Examination Questions

1. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics.

2. The relation of phonetics to other areas of science.

3. The role of phonetics in foreign teaching.

4. Phonetics and phonology. Their tasks and problems.

5. The phoneme theory.

6. The material aspect of the phoneme.

7. The functional aspect of the phoneme.

8. The concept of phoneme in this country and abroad.

9. Sounds and phonemes.

10. Articulation and breathing practice.

11. The organs of speech and their work.

12. Morphonology and its problems.

13. The semantically-distributional method.

14. The principles of classification of vowels.

15. vowels.

16. The relevance of vowel length in Modern English.

17. The principles of classification of consonants.

18. Fricatives.

19. Affricates.

20. Occlusive noise consonants.

21. Sonorants.

22. Pronunciation errors in relation to meaning.

23. The modification of consonants in connected speech.

24. The modification of vowels in connected speech.

25. Syllable formation in English.

26. Word-stress. Its acoustic nature.

27. The linguistic function of word-stress.

28. The degree and position of word-stress.

29. Intonation.

30. The linguistic function of intonation.

31. Sentence stress. Its types.

32. Tempo of speech.

33. Rhythm.

34. The implication of English terminal tones.

35. Intonational styles.

36. Types of transcription.

37. Phonostylistics.

38. Principal types of pronunciation in Great Britain.

39. Standard British as a teaching norm.

40. New tendencies in the pronunciation of English.

41. General American.

42. Other pronunciation variants (Canadian, Australian, Indian, etc.).

Glossary

Abstract - existing as an idea, feeling or quality, not as a material object, or (of an argument, discussion, etc.) general, not based on particular examples abstract - existing as an idea, feeling or quality, not as a material object, or (of an argument, discussion, etc.) general, not based on particular examples.

acoustic - relating to sound or hearing.

affricate – occlusive-constrictive consonant.

allophone – the variant of the phoneme.

audible - loud enough to be heard.

checkness – this quality depends on the character of the articulatory transition from a vowel to a consonant. As a result all English short vowels are checked when stressed.

concomitant (syn. indispensable) - (something) happening together and connected with something else.

consonant - one of the speech sounds or letters of the alphabet which is not a vowel. They are pronounced by stopping the air from flowing freely through the mouth, esp. by closing the lips or touching the teeth with the tongue.

constituent - one of the parts that a substance or combination is made of.

fortis – strong (all voiceless consonants are strong).

fricative– constrictive fricative consonant. Sounds are fricative, because the air passes through the narrowing with audible friction.

functional - arranged so that it is easy to use, has a practical purpose.

incidental (syn. redundant)- happening in connection with something of greater importance.

intelligible - (of speech and writing) clear enough to be understood.

interaction - communication with or reaction to (each other).

inventory - a detailed list of all the items in a place.

lenis – weak (all voiced consonants are weak).

loudness - the human ear allows us to detect subtle differences in loudness (= how loud something is) and in pitch, and to locate the source of a sound.

material - relating to physical objects.

nasal - of the nose (e.g. the nasal cavity). If a person's voice is nasal it has a particular sound because air is going through their nose when they speak.

object - a purpose, desired result, or reason for doing something.

oral – of, taken by, or done to the mouth.

phonetics - the study of the sounds made by the human voice in speech.

pitch - the degree to which a sound is high or low.

sonorant – nasal consonant.

sound - (what is heard because of) quick changes of pressure in air, wa ter etc.

speech - the ability to talk, the activity of talking, or a piece of spoken language.

subject - the thing which is being discussed, considered or studied.

subsidiary - less important than something else with which it is con nected.

syntagm- a group of words which are semantically and syntactically complete.

tempo - the speed at which an event happens, or (specialized) the speed at which a piece of music is played.

tense - (of your body or part of the body) stretched tight and stiff.

terminal – falling.

triple - consisting of three parts, or being repeated twice.

vowel - a speech sound produced by human beings when the breath flows out through the mouth without being blocked by the teeth, tongue or lips.

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