VII. Переведите текст b с английского языка на русский и ответьте на вопросы. Reciprocating Engine Parts.

The engines used in tractor are of reciprocating type. Reciprocating parts slide against confining walls or surface such as the cylinder walls.

Piston. Piston rings. The piston is round and cylindrical. It is usually attached to the crankshaft by a rod which leaves it free to move back and forth or up and down in the cylinder. The bearings stop the piston twice for each revolution of the crankshaft. The engine piston is made of cast iron or an alloy of aluminum. The piston of the engine is made to move back and forth in the cylinder owing to the explosion of the fuel mixture. This back-and-forth movement of the piston is transmitted through the connecting rod and crankshaft to the belt pulley, and thus power is generated.

In order that the piston may not leak gases between it and the cylinder walls it is provided with rings. These rings are usually of cast iron and fit closely into grooves about the piston. The function of the piston rings is to retain compression and, at the same time, reduce the cylinder-wall and piston-wall contact area to a minimum.

Piston rings are classed as compression rings and oil rings. The rings toward the crank end of the piston are called oil-control rings. The head end of the piston is fitted with smooth rings whose purpose is to confine the gases to the combustion chamber and to conduct heat from the hot piston to the colder cylinder wall.

Piston pin. The function of the piston pin is to connect the connecting rod to the piston and, at the same time, provide a flexible connection between the two.

Вопросы к тексту В. Переведите на русский язык и ответьте на данные вопросы?

1. What engine type is used in tractors?

2. What is the piston?

3. What is it provided with?

4. What is the function of the piston rings?

5. How are they classed?

6. What is the function of the piston pin?

VIII. Запишите основную идею каждого абзаца данного текста на русском языке. Machinery Management

Machinery and equipment on American farms has become a major input to the production process. The investment in machinery and equipment has been growing over time. According to the US Department of Agriculture study, this investment has exceeded 75 billion dollars, which is 11 percent of the total farm assets.

The growth of mechanization has extended the ability of many farm operations to make profit. It has become advantageous for many farms to increase expenditures for machinery and equipment in order to reduce labor cost. The automation that has taken place in egg production is a good example of substitution of equipment for labour.

For some farms, the mechanization process has become a necessity. For example, many fruit and vegetable farmers found it difficult to employ an adequate quantity of reliable seasonal labour needed to grow and harvest the crops. That is why many growers have been forced to apply machinery and equipment more extensively.

Increased mechanization has become a means of reducing risk, particularly the risk due to weather. By applying powerful machinery, the possibility of completing the necessary jobs within the desired period of time is increased.

IX. Выполните итоговый тест.

1. Our engineer is here. He ..... .

a) has just come

b) just came

c) is just coming

2. The harrowing .... with harrows.

a) always done

b) is always done

c) always do

3. The first tractors ..... for plowing and threshing.

a) were used

b) was used

c) used

4. The effects of friction......be serious.

a) should

b) can

c) have to

5. They ..... a lot of problems since they bought a new tractor.

a) have had

b) have

c) are having

6. After ....through the filter, the oil travels through oil galleries..

a) passed

b) having passed

c) passing

7. In order that the splashing ......take place a “dipper” is provided on the end of the big end cap.

a) may

b) need to

c) should

8. Tractors will .... be equipped with oil filters.

a) can

b) may

c) have to

9. The tractor operator ..... know the correct oil pressure at which his engine..... run.

a) must, should

b) should, need

c) may, need

10. The engineer ..... repair this harrow yesterday.

a) had to

b) may

c) is allowed to

11. The type of brakes.....to tractors are usually either internal expanding brakes or disk brakes.

a) fitting

b) having fitted

c) fitted

12. .... larger machines they reduce labour costs as the job is completed faster.

a) used

b) being used

c) using

13. Among the typical operations .... by the latest tractors there are plowing, cultivating, harrowing, sowing, harvesting and others..

a) performing

b) performed

c) being performed

14. Smaller tractors may cause delay in field operations, .....in a lower crop yields.

a) resulted

b) resulting

c) having resulted

15. ……farm machinery in top mechanical condition we can improve field working efficiency.

a) Kept

b) Having kept

c) Keeping

X. Переведите на русский язык и выучите наизусть следующие диалоги.

1. Nan: Who is he?

Jack: He’s my father.

Nan: What’s his name?

Jack: His name is John Adams

Nan: Is he a doctor?

Jack: No, he isn’t.

Nan: Is he a pilot?

Jack: No, he isn’t a pilot.

Nan: What is he then?

Jack: He is an engineer.

Nan: Is he from America?

Jack: No, he isn’t.

Nan: Where is he from?

Jack: He’s from Great Britain.

Nan: Where are you from?

Jack: I’m from Great Britain, too.

2. - Mr. Soames: Hello. Could I speak to Mr. Black, please?

Rose: Sorry, but he can’t come to the phone. He is cooking in the kitchen.

Mr. S: What’s he cooking?

R.: He is making a cake.

Mr. S: Could I speak to Mrs. Black?

R.: No, I’m afraid you can’t. She’s working in the garden.

Mr. S.: Could I speak to Tom then?

R.: No, I’m afraid you can’t. He’s at school.

Mr. S.: What’s he doing at school today?

R.: He’s playing tennis. He always plays tennis on Sundays.

Mr. S.: Oh, thank you. I’ll phone later.

3. – Can you tell me where the club is?

– Turn to the left and go straight ahead.

– Thank you very much.

– That’s all right.

– How can I get to the cinema from here?

– Go along Pushkin street. Turn to the right. The cinema is on your left.

– Thank you.

– You are welcome!