• In chemistry did.

• In physiology did.

• In medicine did.

• In physics did.

Основной идеей текста является

• The Nobel Laureates deliver their lectures days before the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.

• The Nobel Peace Prize Laureates receive their Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo

• The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation.

• The Nobel Prize is awarded for outstanding achievements in certain fields.

Origami

1. Since paper degrades as it ages, it is hard to come up with an exact timeline for the invention of origami. It is generally accepted that paper was invented around 105 A.D. in China. The Japanese first used paper during the sixth century. It is true that other cultures engaged in various forms of paper folding, but it was the Japanese who first discovered the possibilities associated with using paper as a medium for art.

2. Origami was initially known as orikata (folded shapes). In 1880, however, the craft became known as origami. The term origami comes from the Japanese words oru (to fold) and kami (paper). It is not known why this term was chosen, although scholars have speculated that the characters for this term were simply the easiest for schoolchildren to learn to write.

3. When origami was first practiced, however, it was a craft only for the elite. Japanese monks folded origami figures for religious purposes. Origami was also used in various formal ceremonies, such as the practice of folding paper butterflies to adorn sake bottles at a Japanese couple's wedding reception. As paper became more affordable, common people began making origami figures as gifts or creating folded cards and envelopes for their correspondence.

Содержанию текста соответствует утверждения

(2 варианта ответа)

• Common people and the rich began making origami figures at the same time.

• The art of making origami figures has a Chinese origin and is widely used there.

• There are records of Japanese origami history dating back to the sixth century.

• The art of paper folding appeared some centuries later than paper itself.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Origami figures were first made for ___

(2 варианта ответа)

• religious rites

• making folded animals

• making folded cards

• official events

Ответьте на вопрос:

Why is it difficult to define the exact time when origami was first practiced?

• Because paper rumples easily.

• Because paper tears.

• Because paper burns easily.

• Because paper decomposes.

Основной идеей текста является

• Origami as a piece of art was developed in Japan and first folded only by the privileged.

• Folded pieces of paper accompanied valuable gifts to act as a certificate of authenticity.

• Folded paper butterflies were used in wedding ceremonies to symbolize sincerity and purity.

• Many people are attracted to the idea of folding origami figures because paper is a cheap craft supply.

Landmark Inventions of the Millennium

1. The last 1,000 years have produced an incredible number and variety of scientific and technological breakthroughs – but which of these were the most important? Narrowing a list of the thousands of inventions made since the year 1000 to the ten greatest requires some exact criteria. The qualifying inventions either provided radically new ways to do an important job, or they made possible tasks that were previously unimagined. Their impact was felt, if not right away then eventually, by a large portion of humanity. These developments have made possible significant new technological innovations and scientific discoveries.

And finally, they have had an enduring effect on the world.

2. The inventions that meet these criteria, in chronological order, are the compass, the mechanical clock, the glass lens, the printing press, the steam engine, the telegraph, electric power, wireless communications, antibiotics, and the transistor. Missing from this list are many extremely significant technological advances, including the airplane, telephone, automobile, and computer. In many cases these inventions were omitted because they are based on earlier developments or breakthroughs.

3. In considering the ten most significant inventions of the past 1,000 years, a subtle distinction must be made: the difference between «invention» and «discovery» is not as clear as one might think. A discovery can be as simple as the observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon, while an invention is a human-devised machine, tool, or apparatus that did not previously exist.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста

• There are ten inventions which are considered to be the most significant ones of the Millennium.

• A lot of scientific and technological breakthroughs met the required criteria of the landmark inventions.

• A human-devised machine, tool or apparatus that did not previously exist can be qualified as a discovery.

• The airplane and computer are included into the list of the most important inventions of the Millennium.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

One of the qualifying criteria of a landmark invention is that it ____

• is a simple observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon

• makes possible significant innovations and discoveries

• is based on earlier developments or breakthroughs

• is an invention of the past 1,000 years

Ответьте на вопрос:

Which of the inventions: the airplane, the steam engine, automobile, computer – was included into the list of the most important inventions of the Millennium?

• Automobile was.

• Computer was.

• The airplane was.

• The steam engine was.

Определите основную идею текста.

• Landmark inventions are those which make possible tasks that were previously unimagined, and which have a lasting effect on the world.

• The ten greatest inventions made since the year 1000 are undoubtedly the inventions that had a great effect on humanity.

• A great number and variety of significant scientific and technological breakthroughs were made in the world during the last 1,000 years.

• Considering the difference between «invention» and «discovery» is very important in the designation of the most significant inventions.