Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Информатика 1 курс 1 семестр / informatika_uchebnik_Makarova

.pdf
Скачиваний:
20
Добавлен:
20.05.2015
Размер:
19.85 Mб
Скачать

. , ,

.

:

" , " – ,

, ,

;

" " – ,

, .

80486 -

1 - ), , , .

Pentium Pentium Pro

, Pentium – 8 , Pentium Pro

256 - 512 .

,

2 - ) , ,

.

.

(Dinamic Random Access Memory – DRAM) (Static Random Access Memory – SRAM) .

,

. ( )

SRAM, DRAM- .

(RAM – Random Access Memory –

) (ROM – Read-Only Memory) .

( ),

.

: ,

, . ,

( ).

;

,

, .

DIP (Dual In-line Package – ) SIP (Single In-line Package – ), , , SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module – ). SIMM 256

, 1, 4, 8, 16 32 , ; 30- (" ") 72- (" ") ,

. ( ) SIMM.

( )

: ,

(BIOS – Base Input-Output System). ,

. , ,

. – .

.

, – FLASH-

121

. FLASH-

: 32

4 , 0,06 ,

10 ; FLASH- – .

FLASH-

(12 ),

. FLASH-

, . FLASH-

, ,

– " ", ,

BIOS, " "

.

1 .

1 32 .

: 128 ( 256) ,

– .

( ) .

.

.

,

, n , .

2n, – .

,

( . 4.7).

640

384

64

576

256

128

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.

 

 

 

 

. 4.7. 1-

,

, .

, , , 16

. 4.8.

. 4.8.

:

122

, 1024 0 1024 - 1,

, -

.

- ,

, .

. , ,

.

– Conventional Memory Area)

0 640 .

640 1024

(UMA - Upper Memory Area).

) .

– " ",

.

– 1024 .

.

,

:

XMS ( – extended Memory Area);

EMS ( – Expanded Memory).

XMS (extended Memory Specification)

(extended Memory Manager).

, ,

, Extended

Expanded , .

EMS (Expanded Memory Specification) .

Expanded Memory .

, , . ,

EMS, , Expanded Memory (EM)

.

EMM386.EXE (Expanded Memory Manager)

QEMM.

. )

.

641024 1088

, : – High Memory Area),

HIMEM.SYS (High Memory Manager) XMS.

.

.

(virtual – , ).

.

, ,

123

. : ,

, , .

– , .

. 4. 9.

. 4.9.

.

, , :

( ) ( – ).

.

.

, " " ,

, ,

.

( . 4.6):

( ), , ;

( ) " ";

, ;

, , floptical- ;

, , VHD- ;

CD-ROM (Compact Disk ROM);

WORM (Continuous Composite Write Once Read Many – – );

( ) .

4 . 6 .

 

,

,

,

 

 

1,2; 1,44

65-100

150

 

 

250-4000

8-20

500-3000

 

 

20-230

20

500-2000

 

Floptical

20,8

65

100-300

 

VHD

120-240

65

200-600

 

CD-ROM

250-1500

15-300

150-1500

 

CCWORM

120-1000

15-150

150-1500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

128-1300

15-150

300-2000

 

. – ,

. –

124

.

) .

), -

. : 01. ( )

. , .

.

: , , , -

. 3,5" (89 ) 5,25" (133 ). 3,5" ,

),

.

( . 4.10)

( ).

, ,

.

. 4.10.

. 128, 256, 512 1024 , 512 .

. –

, .

,

, .

, ( , )

.

– ,

.

.

, ,

. , ,

.

( )

" ". ,

.

125

) .

5,25" 3,5". 180 2,88

. 5,25 , 3,5 –

.

. 4.7.

4 . 7 .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

133 (5,25")

89 (3,5")

 

 

 

 

 

 

,

500

1000

1600

1000

1600

, ( )

360

720

1200

720

1440

,

231

233

380

343

558

,

1,9

3,8

3,8

5,3

5,3

 

40

80

80

80

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

( )

2

2

2

2

2

,

80

100

100

65

65

,

50

50

80

80

150

, ./

3000

3000

3600

7200

7200

 

9

9

15

9

18

,

512

512

512

512

512

133 ( ),

, . :

), .

: , , ;

, , ,

.

89 ,

, .

,

.

( , Verbutim Data Life Plus),

, , ,

, . 3,5-

Data Life Plus – 2,88 . "Go anywhere",

" ".

: , , .

.

: , ,

.

( ):

SS/SD – (Single Sides), (Single Density);

SS/DD – , (Double Density);

DS/SD – (Double Sides), ;

126

DS/DD – , ;

DS/HD – , (Hign Density),

.

! :

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

,

.

)

".

16

(IBM, 1973 .), 30 30 , "30/30"

" ".

,

,

. ,

, ;

, .

1995 .:

5000 ( 1995 . – 850 );

7200 ./ ;

– 6 ;

– 11 .

. 3,5" (89 ), ,

5,25" (133 ) 1,8" (45 ). 25

, 41 – , 12 – .

.

,

, . , ,

30%.

,

, , , ,

(physical, low-level formatting).

,

.

.

,

.

A T A t t a c h m e n t (ATA),

Integrated Device Electronics (IDE), 1988 . IBM PC/AT,

504 (

" – – ": 16 * 1024 * 63

* 512 = 504 = 528 482 304 )

127

5-10 .

F a s t - 2 Enhanced IDE (EIDE), (

) , ,

(Logic Block Address LBA), 2500 16

. EIDE ,

CD-ROM, . BIOS EIDE .

-2

 

S m a l l C o m p u t e r

S y s t e m I n t e r f a c e

): SCSI SCSI-2. : ( Fast Wide SCSI- 2 SCSI-3 40 ),

( 7 .) . :

( 5 -10 ), . SCSI-2 SCSI-3 .

. -

, , .

,

. ,

( , Microsoft Smartdrive) .

100 .

, .

MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operation System – Microsoft)

" ; .

RAID

R A I D (Redundant Array of Independent Disks – ),

,

, (

, Plug and Play ( ) ).

RAID:

1 - , ; 2 -

; 3 - : ,

, ; 4 - 5 - ,

.

– RAID6 RAID7. 48

, 120 ;

256 SCSI.

X-bus 80 ( : SCSI-3 40 ,

5 ).

RAID – , 2-

– . .

RAID – 3 700 (

1995 . 5,5 = 5500 ).

( ),

133 , 20 230

, , . :

.

:

128

(EIDE, SCSI);

,

, , (

);

,

, ;

.

( ). ( 3,5" 5,25"), .

Compact Disk CD-ROM.

, ). ,

, , CD

– . " ".

CD-ROM " "

.

.

CD-ROM 250 1,5

, 30 300 ,

150 1500 .

(CD-R – CD Recordable)

(CD-E – CD Erasable) , , 1996 . CD

;

, CD-ROM. CD-E CDROM.

( - Continuous Composite Erasable)

.

.

.

. ( )

0,1 .

.

.

WORM – Continuous Composite Write Once Read Many) ,

,

.

,

.

2,6 (

5,2 ), 15 150 , 2000 .

( ).

:

;

;

CD ( 50 );

( ) ;

.

129

EIDE SCSI.

,

.

3,5- ( 5,25") , .

, , :

– ,

.

,

, , .

20,8 ;

(VHD – Very High Density) –

,

: " "

". VHD- 120-240 ; Hewlett Packard 1000 , IBM –

8700 10800 .

.

,

– .

) :

, .

. , ,

120 , 3,81 2 - 4 , 25 ; 80- .

(Quarter Inch Cartridge)

QIC – 40/80); 3 – DC300

60 – 250 ( 3 );

( QIC 3010-3020) 340, 680 840-1700 (

QIC 3010 - 3020 Wide, 0,315 ).

, , Conner D 8000 8

, Sony DDS-2 – 16 250 .

,

).

( ),

.

100 . SCSI.

, : ,

, , .

) . 4.8.

. ,

t ( , ),

– : t

) V (

– ).

130

Соседние файлы в папке Информатика 1 курс 1 семестр