Информатика 1 курс 1 семестр / informatika_uchebnik_Makarova

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. 5.1.

5 . 1 .

, MIPS	1000-100000	10-1000	1-100	1-100
,	2000-10000	64 - 10000	4-512	4-256
,	500-5000	50-1000	2-100	0,5-10
,	64-128	32-64	16-64	16-64

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			. 5.5.
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5.2.

(Mainframe). ,

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10 MIPS;

64 10000 ;

50 ;

( 16 1000

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, IBM.

IBM 360 IBM 370,

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: IBM 390, IBM 4300 (4331, 4341, 4361, 4381), IBM 380 1979 ., IBM ES/9000, 1990 ., 1800 Fujitsu.

IBM ES/9000 (ES – Enterprise System – ( )

) , 18 ,

IBM 390:

ES/9221 model 120 256 ,

MIPS 12 ;

ES/9021 model 900 6 ,

9 , MIPS 256 ,

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1800 Fujitsu 1990 . V 780

5 : Model-20, -30, -45, -65, -85; Model-45, -65, -85 -

4, 6 8 ; ,

2 256 .

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1068 10 MIPS 32 ;

1087–15 MIPS 128 ;

152

30 –50 MIPS 8 ;

1170 (4- ) – 20 MIPS 64 .

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70% " " ; 1995 . 40 .

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: IBM (ES/9000 , ,

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5.3.

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– 100 MIPS;

– 4-512 ;

– 2-100 ;

– 16-512.

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PDP-11 (Program Driven Processor – ) DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation

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– ( ): 1, 2,3,4, 1400,1700 .

P D P - 1 1 -VAX-11 VAX-3600; 8000 (VAX-8250, 8820);

9000 (VAX-9410, 9430) .

VAX :

– 1 16;

– 1 600 MIPS;

153

– 4 2 ;

– 2 300 ;

– 32.

, VAX

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: IBM 4381, HP 9000;

: Wang VS 7320, AT&T 3 4000;

HS 4000, .

5.4.

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( 5000 ).

( . 5.2) IBM: IBM PC/XT, IBM PC/AT 80286 (16- ), IBM PS/2 8030 -PS/2 8080 (PS – Personal System), PS, PS/2 8080, – 16- , PS/2 8080 – 32- , IBM PC 80386 80486 (32- ), IBM PC Pentium Pentium Pro (64- ).

, : Compaq Computer, Apple (Macintosh), Hewlett Packard, Dell, DEC, : Spectrum, Amstrad; : Micral; : Olivetty; : Toshiba, Panasonic Partner.

) IBM, 1981 .

DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), Macintosh Apple,

2- .

90- . 150 . ., 90% –

, IBM PC 100 . .

75% ); DEC 5 . .

IBM PC Pentium Pentium Pro.

. 80486

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( ) DEC- (

-1 – -4 -1201, 85,

32 .) IBM PC- ( 1840 – 1842, 1845, 1849, 1861,

1030, 4816, 9.66 .) . ( ,

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. 8-10 DEC-

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IBM PC- .

5 . 2 . IBM PC

154

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1- – 8- ;

2- – 16- ;

3- – 32- ;

4- – 64- .

. 5.6.

. 5.6.

5.5.

- .

2000 ., , :

100 000 MFLOPS;

: 10 , 1-10 (1 = 1000 );

64; 128 .

Cray Research 2000 . 1 TFLOPS = 1 000 000 MFLOPS.

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(300	000 ),

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100 . .

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( MISD – Multiple Instruction Single Data);

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155

–

SIMD – Single Instruction Multiple Data);

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( MIMD – Multiple Instruction Multiple

Data).

(SISD – Single Instruction Single Data)

. 5.7.

:

MIMD ( , BSP

Burroughs);

, , MMISD, . (Multiple) MISD- ( , " 3");

, , MSIMD, . SIMD-

( , Cray 2).

MSIMD- ,

( Cray, Fujitsu, NEC, Hitachi .).

1960 . 1972 . ( ILLIAC IV

20 MFLOPS), 1974 .

Cray Research, Cray 1 160 MFLOPS

64 , 1984 . – Cray 2,

MSIMD . Cray 2 – 2000 MFLOPS, – 2 . ,

– MFLOPS

1 .

( 1991 . - 900 .),

Cray EL Cray 3, Cray 4, Cray Y-MP C90 Cray Research, Cyber 205 Control Data, SX-3 SX-X NEC, VP 2000 Fujitsu ( ), VPP 500

Siemens ( ) ., MFLOPS;

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156

. 5.7. :

– SISD ( ); – MISD ( );

– SIMD ( ); – MIMD ( )

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110), (

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, Cray ;

: 1191, 1195, 1191.01, 1191.10, 1, 2, 3, 3 . 1191

1200 MFLOPS ; 11951191.01 50 500 MFLOPS; 1191.10

2000 MFLOPS.

5.6.

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5.1. Marshall-NP Pentium-100

512 , – 3 . CRAY

157

6400 64 , 16 ,

2000 , 64 .

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5.7.

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(LCD – Liquid Crystal Display)

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3 - 4 ,

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640x480 .

, PCMCIA- ( Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, ).

PCMCIAPlug and Play,

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158

Flash- ,

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100 .

( . 5.3).

5 . 3 .

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Nomadic – .

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VGA. Nomadic

159

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( ) "LapTop"

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Lap Top Pentium, Pentium Pro

( 200 ); 64 ;

1200 , ; CD-ROM

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(Note Book Sub Note Book, Omni Book -

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Lap Top,

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, Sub Note Book ( Note Book), Flash10 - 20 .

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. , Track Point Track Pad. PCMCIA.

Note Book ,

3 - 4 ( 12 ).

Note Book, , IBM ThinkPad,

. Note Book : Toshiba, Compaq, Hewlett Packard .

5.2. Note Book Compaq LTE 5000 Pentium ,

72 ,

– 5,4 PCI,

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, Note Book, , ,

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. Note Book 10 . .

(Palm Top, " ") 300 ;

150x80x25 .

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(PDA – Personal Digital Assistent, Hand Help

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PDA ,

160