Скачиваний:
26
Добавлен:
15.08.2013
Размер:
404.2 Кб
Скачать

8. Complex formation involving double-bonded functional groups

417

45.J. Z. Gillies, C. W. Gillies, R. D. Suenram, F. J. Lovas and W. Stahl, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 3073 (1989).

46.C. W. Gillies, J. Z. Gillies, R. D. Suenram, F. J. Lovas, E. Kraka and D. Cremer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 2412 (1991).

47.P. S. Bailey, Ozonation in Organic Chemistry, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1978.

48.R. L. Kuczkowski, Chem. Soc. Rev., 21, 79 (1992).

49.W. A. Pryor, D. Giamalva and D. F. Church, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105, 6858 (1983).

50.R. Criegee and G. Schroder, Chem. Ber., 93, 689 (1960).

51.W. A. Pryor and C. K. Govindan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 7681 (1981).

52.J. W. Agopovich and C. W. Gillies, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 7572 (1980).

53.W. A. Pryor, D. G. Prier and D. F. Church, Environ. Res., 24, 42 (1981).

54.W. A. Pryor, D. G. Prier and D. F. Church, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105, 2883 (1983).

55.M. S. LaBarge, K. W. Hillig II and R. L. Kuczkowski, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 27, 1356 (1988).

56.F. J. Lovas, R. D. Suenram, C. W. Gillies, J. Z. Gillies, P. W. Fowler and Z. Kisiel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 5285 (1994).

57.C. W. Gillies, J. Z. Gillies, F. J. Lovas and R. D. Suenram, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 9253 (1993).

58.R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffman, The Conservation of Orbital Geometry, Verlag Chemie GMSH, Weinheim, 1971.

59.M. T. H. Liu, N. Soundararaian, N. Paike and R. Subramanian, J. Org. Chem., 52, 4223 (1987).

60.P. C. Wong, D. Griller and J. L. Scaiano, Chem. Phys. Lett., 103, 2423 (1981).

61.B. Giese, W. B. Lee and C. Neumann, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 21, 310 (1982).

62.N. J. Turro, G. F. Lehr, J. A. Boutcher Jr, R. A. Moss and W. J. Guo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 1754 (1982).

63.I. R. Gould, N. J. Turro, J. A. Boutcher Jr, C. Doubleday, N. P. Hacker, G. F. Lehr, R. A. Moss, D. P. Cox, W. Guo, R. C. Munjal, L. A. Perez and M. Fedorynski, Tetrahedron, 41, 1587 (1985).

64.T. R. Evans, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 93, 2081 (1971).

65.K. N. Houk, N. G. Rondan and J. Mareda, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 4291 (1984).

66.K. N. Houk and N. G. Rondan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 4293 (1984).

67.K. N. Houk, N. G. Rondan and J. Mareda, Tetrahedron, 41, 1555 (1985).

68. G. H. Schmid, in The Chemistry of Double Bonded Functional Groups (Supplement A2, Ed.

S.Patai), Wiley, Chichester, 1977; Chap. 11, 1989.

69.C. K. Ingold, Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, G. Bell, London, 1969.

70.M. F. Ruasse, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 28, 207 (1993).

71.R. S. Mulliken and W. B. Person, Molecular Complexes: A Lecture and Reprint Volume, WileyInterscience, New York, 1969.

72.R. S. Brown, H. Slebocka-Tilk, A. J. Bennet, G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini and R. Ambrosetti, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 6310 (1990).

73.R. Herges, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 34, 51 (1995).

74.C. J. A. Byrnell, R. G. Coombes, L. S. Hart and M. C. Whiting, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1079 (1983).

75.R. S. Brown, R. W. Nagorski, A. J. Bennet, R. E. D. McClung, G. H. M. Aarts, M. Klobukowski,

R.McDonald and B. D. Santasiero, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 2448 (1994).

76.M. Cossi, M. Persico and J. Tomasi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 5373 (1994).

77.S. Fukuzumi and J. K. Kochi, J. Org. Chem., 46, 829 (1981).

78.G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini, and R. Ambrosetti, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107, 2464 (1985).

79.G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini, C. Chiappe, F. Marioni, R. Ambrosetti, R. S. Brown and H. SlebockaTilk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 2640 (1989).

80.G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini, C. Chiappe, D. Lenoir and A. Attar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 6243 (1995).

81.M. F. Ruasse, Acc. Chem. Res., 23, 87 (1990).

82.G. Bellucci, C. Chiappe and R. Bianchini, Ind. Chem. Libr., 7, 128 (1995).

83.M. F. Ruasse, S. Motallebi and B. Galland, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 3440 (1991).

84.M. F. Ruasse, Ind. Chem. Libr., 7, 100 (1995).

85.R. S. Brown, Ind. Chem. Libr., 7, 113 (1995).

86.G. Capozzi and G. Modena, in Organic Sulfur Chemistry (Eds. F. Bernardi, I. G. Csizmadia and

A.Mangini), Chap. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.

87.G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini, C. Chiappe, R. Ambrosetti, D. Catalano, A. J. Bennet, H. SlebockaTilk, G. H. M. Aarts and R. S. Brown, J. Org. Chem., 58, 3401 (1993).

418

Luciano Forlani

88.G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini, C. Chiappe, V. R. Gadgil and A. P. Marchand, J. Org. Chem., 58, 3575 (1993).

89.H. Slebocka-Tilk, R. G. Ball and R. S. Brown, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107, 4504 (1985).

90.G. A. Olah, P. Schilling, P. W. Westerman and H. C. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 96, 3581 (1974).

91.A. J. Bennet, R. S. Brown, R. E. D. McClung, M. Klobukowski, G. H. M. Aarts, B. D. Santorsiero, G. Bellucci and R. Bianchini J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 8532 (1991).

92.A. A. Neverov and R. S. Brown, Can. J. Chem., 72, 2540 (1994).

93.G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini, C. Chiappe, and R. Ambrosetti, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 199 (1989).

94.R. S. Brown, R. Gedye, H. Slebocka-Tilk, J. M. Buschek and K. R. Kopecky, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 4515 (1984).

95.G. Bellucci, C. Chiappe, and F. Marioni, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 515 (1987).

96.H. I. Bloemink, K. Hinds, A. C. Legon and J. C. Thorn, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 33, 1512 (1994)

97.O. Exner, in Advances in Linear Free Energy Relationships (Eds. N. B. Chapman and J. Shorter), Chap. 1, Plenum Press, London, 1972.

98.J. O. Schreck, J. Chem. Educ., 48, 103 (1971).

99.G. Bellucci, R. Bianchini, C. Chiappe, F. Marioni and R. Spagna, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 546 (1988).

100.G. Bellucci and C. Chiappe, J. Org. Chem., 58, 7120 (1993).

101. V. L. Heasley, Y. L. Louie, D. K. Luttrull, M. D. Millar, H. B. Moore, D. F. Nogales, A. M. Sauerbrey, A. B. Shevel, T. Y. Shibuya, M. S. Stanley, D. F. Shellhamer and

G. E. Heasley, J. Org. Chem., 53, 2199 (1988).

102.L. S. Hart and M. C. Whiting, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1087 (1983).

103.H. I. Bloemink, K. Hinds, A. C. Legon and J. C. Thorn, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1321 (1994).

104.A. C. Legon and J. C. Thorn, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 4157 (1993).

105.H. I. Bloemink, K. Hinds, A. C. Legon and J. C. Thorn, Chem. Eur. J., 1, 17 (1995).

106.S. Rozen, Acc. Chem. Res., 21, 307 (1988).

107.S. Rozen and M. Brand, J. Org. Chem., 51, 3607 (1986).

108.C. Kaneko, A. Toyota and J. Chiba, Yakugaku Zasshi, 114, 160 (1994).

109.D. H. R. Barton, R. H. Hesse, G. P. Jackman, L. Ogunkoya and M. M. Pechet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 739 (1974).

110.S. Fukuzumi and J. K. Kochi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 2783 (1981).

111.H. B. Vardhan and R. D. Bach, J. Org. Chem., 57, 4948 (1992).

112.H. J. Luchs, F. R. Hepner and S. Winstein, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 3102 (1939).

113.M. F. Ruasse, J. E. Dubois and A. Argile, J. Org. Chem., 44, 1173 (1979).

114.S. Fukuzumi and J. K. Kochi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 7599 (1982).

115.H. Hopf, R. Hanel,¨ P. G. Jones and P. Bubentschek, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 33, 1369 (1994).

116.I. Fleming, J. Dunogues` and R. Smithers, in Organic Reactions, Vol 37, Chap. 2, Wiley, New York, 1989.

117.L. J. Andrews and R. M. Keefer, Molecular Complexes in Organic Chemistry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1964.

118. E. M. Kosower, in Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry, Vol 3 (Eds. S. G. Cohen,

A. Streitwieser and N. R. Taft), Interscience, New York, 1965.

119.J. K. Kochi, Acc. Chem. Res., 25, 39 (1992).

120.R. Taylor, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Wiley, New York, 1990.

121.T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, Chap. 7, Harper and Row, New York, 1976.

122.S. M. Hubig, W. Jung and J. K. Kochi, J. Org. Chem., 59, 6234 (1994).

123.E. Baciocchi and L. Mandolini, Tetrahedron, 43, 4035 (1987).

124.T. M. Bockman and J. K. Kochi, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 7, 325 (1994).

125.E. Baciocchi and C. Galli, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 8, 563 (1995).

126.G. H. Schmidt, in Double-bonded Functional Groups, Vol. 2, Supplement A (Ed. S. Patai), Wiley, Chichester, 1989.

127.R. K. Boyd, J. Chem. Educ., 55, 84 (1978).

128.J. R. Murdoch, J. Chem. Educ., 58, 32 (1981).

129.J. F. Bunnett, in Investigations of Rates and Mechanisms of Reactions (Ed. A. Weissberger), Chap. 8, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974.

8. Complex formation involving double-bonded functional groups

419

130.R. M. Noves, in Investigations of Rates and Mechanisms of Reactions, (Ed. A. Weissberger), Chap. 9, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974.

131.G. B. Sergeev, T. V. Pokholok and C. Tong-Ha, Kinet. Kat., 10, 47 (1969).

132.L. Forlani, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1699 (1991).

133.L. Forlani and A. Medici, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1169 (1978).

134.E. M. Arnett, Prog. Phys. Org. Chem., 1, 259 (1963).

135.M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota and Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron, 51, 8665 (1995).

136.P. Hobza and R. Zahradn`ık, Chem. Rev., 88, 871 (1988).

137.Z. Yoshida, N. Ishibe and H. Ozoe, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94, 4948 (1972).

138.T. Schaefer, R. Sebastian and T. A. Wildman, Can. J. Chem., 57, 3005 (1979).

139.H. S. Rzepa, M. H. Smith and M. L. Webb, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 703 (1994).

140.L. A. Paquette, D. R. Andrews and J. P. Springer, J. Org. Chem., 48, 1147 (1983).

141.B. F. Bowden, J. C. Coll, E. Ditzel, S. J. Mitchell and W. T. Robinson, Aust. J. Chem., 35, 997 (1982).

142.P. C. Coleman, E. D. Coucourakis and J. A. Pretorious, Afr. J. Chem., 33, 116 (1980).

143.P. Camilleri, D. S. Eggleston, H. S. Rzepa and M. L. Webb, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1135 (1994).

144.T. Steiner, E. B. Starikov, A. M. Amado and J. J. C. Teixeira-Dias, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1321 (1995).

145.M. G. B. Drew and G. R. Willey, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 215 (1986).

146.S. Liu, X. Ji, G. L. Gilliland, W. J. Stevens and R. N. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 7910 (1993).

147.D. Mootz and A. Deeg, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 5887 (1992).

148.M. A. Viswamitra, R. Radhakrishnan, J. Bandekar and G. R. Desiraju, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 4868 (1993)

149.Z. Kisiel, A. C. Legon, D. Devanne and P. Dixneuf, J. Chem. Phys., 93, 6249 (1990).

150.A. D. Buckingam and P. W. Fowler, Can. J. Chem., 63, 2018 (1985).

151.H. Shenhav, Z. Rappoport and S. Patai, J. Chem. Soc. (B), 469 (1970).

152.Z. Rappoport, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 7, 1 (1969).

153.G. Modena, Acc. Chem. Res., 4, 73 (1971).

154.A. G. M. Barrett, Chem. Soc. Rev., 20, 127 (1991).

155.M. J. Strauss, Chem. Rev., 70, 667 (1970).

F.Terrier, Chem. Rev., 82, 78 (1982).

G.A. Artamkina, M. P. Egorov and I. P. Beletskaya, Chem. Rev., 82, 427 (1982); F. Terrier,

Nucleophilic Aromatic Displacement, VCH Publ., New York, 1991.

156.C. K. M. Heo and J. W. Bunting, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2279 (1994).

157.Z. Rappoport and N. Romen, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 955 (1972).

158.Z. Rappoport and A. Topol, J. Org. Chem., 54, 5967 (1989).

159.C. F. Bernasconi, R. B. Killion, J. Fassberg and Z. Rappoport, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 6862 (1989).

160.C. F. Bernasconi and R. D. Bunnell, J. Org. Chem., 53, 2001 (1988).

161.C. F. Bernasconi, Mechanism and Reactivity in Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions, M.T.P. Int. Rev.; Org. Chem., Ser. One, 3, 33 (1973).

162.Z. Arnold, V. Kral` and Dvorak,` Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 48, 2602 (1984).

163.C. F. Bernasconi and M. W. Stronach, J. Org. Chem., 56, 1993 (1991).

164.C. F. Bernasconi and M. W. Stronach, J. Org. Chem., 56, 2222 (1991).

165.P. V. Bonnensen, C. L. Puckett, R. V. Honeychuck and W. H. Hersh, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 6070 (1989).

166.Y. Yamamoto, Acc. Chem. Res., 20, 243 (1987).

167.F. D. Lewis and S. V. Barancyk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 8653 (1989).

168.F. D. Lewis, S. L. Quillen, P. D. Hale and J. D. Oxman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 1261 (1988).

169.M. T. Reetz, M. Hullmann,¨ W. Massa, S. Berger, P. Rademacher and P. Heymanns, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 2405 (1986).

170.V. Branchadell and A. Oliva, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 4132 (1991).

171.W. P. Jencks, Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology, Chap. 9, McGraw Hill, New York, 1969.

172.N. W. Howard and A. C. Legon, J. Chem. Phys., 88, 6793 (1988).

173.N. Kamiya, T. Sekigawa and S. Ikawa, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 89, 489 (1993).

174.T. Cho, I. Kida, J. Ninomiya and S. Ikawa, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 90, 103 (1994).

420

Luciano Forlani

175.C. G. Shaefer and K. S. Peters, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 7567 (1980).

176.K. S. Peters, S. C. Freilich and C. G. Shaefer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 5701 (1980).

177.P. J. Wagner and M. H. Lam J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 4167 (1980).

178.P. J. Wagner, R. J. Truman, A. E. Puchalski and R. Wake, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 7727 (1986).

179.R. S. Mulliken, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 600 (1950).

180.O. Hassel and K. O. Strømme, Acta Chem. Scand., 13, 275 (1959).

181.C. Laurence, G. Guiheneuf´ and B. Wejtkowiak, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 4793 (1979).

182.C. Rafik, J. M. Abboud and G. Guiheneuf,´ J. Org. Chem., 48, 4761 (1983).

183.M. J. M. Campbell, B. Demetriou and R. Jones, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 917 (1983).

184.A. Bhattacharya, L. M. DiMichele, U-H. Dolling, E. J. J. Grabowski and V. J. Grenda, J. Org. Chem., 54, 6118 (1989).

185.M. E. Jung, Y.-G. Pan, M. W. Rathke, D. F. Sullivan and R. P. Woodbury, J. Org. Chem., 42, 3961 (1977).

186.A. Bhattacharya, L. M. DiMichele, U-H. Dolling A. W. Douglas and E. J. J. Grabowski, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 3318 (1988).

187.Y. M. Issa, Spectr. Acta, 40A, 137 (1984)

188.S. A. El-Gyar, A. M. El-Nady and H. M. A. Salman, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 127, 485 (1990).

189.M. Abdaouil, D. Messadi and G-F. Dewynter, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 104, 375 (1995).

190.P. Bruni, L. Cardillo, E. Giorgini, G. Tosi, G. Bocelli and A. Cantoni, Spectr. Acta, 46A, 389 (1990).

191.P. Bruni, L. Cardellini, C. Conti, E. Giorgini and G. Tosi, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 120, 187 (1990).

192.A. M. Nour El-Din, Spectr. Acta, 41A, 721 (1985).

193.Y. Yamamoto and S. Kojima, in The Chemistry of Amidines and Imidates, (Eds. S. Patai and

Z.Rappoport), Vol. 2, Wiley, Chichester, 1991.

194.M. Do Carmo, A. Gerz, J. Miller and P. J. S. Moran, J. Chem. Res. (S), 355 (1986); (M), 3072 (1986).

195.J. Miller, Y. Miyata, E. Sakazaki and T. W. De Santos, J. Chem. Res. (S), 396 (1986); (M), 3301 (1986).

196.G. Collina and L. Forlani, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1, 351 (1988).

197.C. Cimarelli and L. Forlani, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 2, 653 (1989)

198.R. R. Bard and M. Strauss, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 3789 (1975).

199.R. Bard, M. J. Strauss and S. A. Topolosky, J. Org. Chem., 42, 2589 (1977).

200.M. D. Cohen, G. M. Schmidt and S. Flavian, J. Chem. Soc., 2041 (1964).

201.M. D. Cohen, Y. Hirshberg and G. M. Schmidt, J. Chem. Soc., 2060 (1964).

202.J. Bregman, L. Leiserowitz and G. M. Schmidt, J. Chem. Soc., 2068 (1964).

203.N. Hoshino, T. Inabe, T. Mitani and Y. Maruyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 61, 4207 (1988).

204.T. Inabe, N. Hoshino, T. Mitani and Y. Maruyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 62, 2246 (1989).

205.T. Inabe, I. Gautier-Luneau, N. Hoshino, K. Okaniwa, H. Okamoto, T. Mitani, U. Nagashima and Y. Maruyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 64, 801 (1991).

206.K. Wozniak, H. He, J. Klinowski and W. Jones, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 91, 77 (1995).

207.T. Inabe, I. Luneau, T. Mitani, Y. Maruyama and S. Takeda, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn, 67, 612 (1994).

208.T. Inabe, N. Hoshino-Miyajima, I. Luneau, T. Mitani and Y. Maruyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 67, 622 (1994).

209.R. Wendhausen, E. Zampiron,` J. F. Vianna, C. Zucco, M. C. Rezende and F. Nome, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 3, 89 (1990).

210.E. Buncel, in The Chemistry of Functional Groups, Supplement 1 (Ed. S. Patai), Chap. 27, Wiley, Chichester, 1982.

211.V. Gold and W. N. Wassef, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1431 (1984).

212.W. P. Jencks, in Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry (Eds. S. G. Cohen, A. Streitwieser and

R.W. Taft), Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1964.

213.E. J. Poziomek, D. N. Kramer, B. W. Frommand and W. A. Mosher, J. Org. Chem., 26, 423 (1961).

214.L. Forlani, E. Marianucci and P. E. Todesco, J. Chem. Res. (S), 126 (1984).

215.P. K. Chang and T. L. V. Ulbricht, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 976 (1958).

216.J. Emsley, N. J. Freeman, R. J. Parker, H. M. Dawes and M. B. Hursthouse, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 471 (1986).

217.J. Emsley, N. J. Freeman, R. J. Parker and R. E. Overill, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 2, 1479 (1986).

8. Complex formation involving double-bonded functional groups

421

218.A. Gazit and Z. Rappoport, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2863 (1984).

219.S. W. Lee and W. C. Trogler, J. Org. Chem., 55, 2644 (1990).

220.L. Forlani, M. Sintoni and P. E. Todesco, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 116, 229 (1986).

221.J. Jazwinski and R. A. Kolinski, Tetrahedron Lett., 22, 1771 (1981).

222.D. S. Black, D. C. Craig, O. Giitsidis, R. W. Read, A. Salek and M. A. Sefton, J. Org. Chem., 54, 4771 (1989)

223.B. Alcaide, R. Perez´-Ossorio, J. Plumet and M. A. Sierra, Tetrahedron Lett., 23, 5585 (1982).

224.L. Forlani, J. Chem. Res. (S), 70 (1990).

225.S. Florio, L. Troisi and V. Capriati, J. Org. Chem., 60, 2279 (1995).

Соседние файлы в папке Patai S., Rappoport Z. 1997 The chemistry of functional groups. The chemistry of double-bonded functional groups