The Art of Genes How Organisms Make Themselves
.pdfheredity 5-8; see also Darwin, Charles hermaphrodites 23
hidden colours changes 199-200 combination of 249-50 families 334-5
fruit flies 76-7, 84-5 gradual building 131-3 growth 310-14 identity genes 84-7
inside-outside axis 261-2 intensity 150-1
interpretation 69, 98-9, 295-9 interpreting genes 158 mutations 338
overlap 295-9
patterns 43-6, 63-6, 69 perpetuation 205-6 recruitment by mutation 338
relationship to anatomy 126-7, 304 relationship to sensitivity 194-7 scents and 198-204
symmetry 292-4
tracing development 172
vertebrates 123-6 see also invisible colours; master colours historically informed responses 48-9, 99, 180
Hogness, David 84 Holmes, Sherlock 109 homeobox genes 101
Caenorhabditis elegans 129-30 developing animals 122-3 vertebrates 117-26
homeosis 71-2 homunculus 5 Hooke, Robert 19, 21 hormones 221-2 animal 222-3
plant 222
Human Genome Project 33 hybridising 118-19
hybrids 6, 19 Hydra 214-15 symmetry 239-40 Hydrangea 68-9
I
identity genes 66-9, 84-7, 169 identity mutants 61-3, 66-9 implantation of embryos 187-8 implicit themes 285-9, 299-303 Impressionism 325
induction in newts 187-8 initial activity 161-2 Ingham, Philip 298
ink blot test 47-9
inside-outside asymmetry 259, 263-4, 278-9 hidden colours 261-2
plants 264-5 interaction
of genes 104-5, 160-2, 163-7 of proteins 161-2 intermaxillary bone 56 internal painting 142 internal patterns 218-19 interpretation 9-11, 49 development 248
hidden colours 69, 98-9, 295-9 ink blot test 47-9
scute gene 46 interpreting genes 88-94 activity level 152-4 continual 248
hidden colours 158 multicellular organisms 336-9 regions 88-9
varying response 152-7
invisible colours 81-2; see also hidden colours isolation of genes 83-4, 119
J
Jacob, François 330, 345
joints 111-13
K
Kafka, Franz 106
Kaufman, Thomas 84
Koelreuter, Joseph 6
Krumlauf, Robb 120
Kuroiwa, Atsushi 84
L
labellum 348-9 laburnum 353 Lallemand, Yvan 125
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 350 landmarks 314
larvae 74-5 learning 225, 226 by association 34 leaves 57 symmetry 282-3
themes 287-9, 301, 302
left-right asymmetry 266-7, 268-74, 277-9 legumes 353
Leonardo da Vinci 16, 47, 141-2, 174-9, 230 Levi-Montalcini, Rita 320
Levine, Michael 85, 118-19, 277 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 344-5 Lewis, Ed 72-6
life cycle 22-3
painting analogy 141-55 lifestyle of organism 21-2 light responses 189-93 Linaria cymbalaria 220 Linaria vulgaris 242-3 linear style 327 Linnaeus, Carolus 242-4
lock and key mechanism 88-91 concentration gradients 155-7
evolution 97-9 see also on and off states lupins 353
M
McGinnis, Bill 118-19
MADS-box 102-3
Magritte, René63, 148, 190, 209, 306
Mangold, Hilde 187-8
man-made patterns 51-4 Martinez-Arias, Alfonso 85 master proteins 87-8
competition 160-2 overlap 93-4 patterns 95-6 response to 88-91
shape modifications 200
triggering 252 see also hidden colours Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 5-6, 7 Maxalis paludosa, see orchids
mechanistic epigenesis 9 Medawar, Peter 309-10 meiosis 29, 334 membrane, cell 21 Mendel, Gregor 6, 38 meristems 212-13 mesoderm 260 metamorphosis 70 insects 21
plants 58, 59-60 metaphors 9-12 Meyerowitz, Elliot 64, 85 mice 122-6
microscopic organisms, see unicellular organisms mimicry 49-51
mitosis 29, 334
molecular probes 83-4, 85, 118-19 molecular reactions 24-5
Monod, Jacques 330
Morgan, Thomas Hunt 38, 155 morphology 61
Mouellic, Hervéle 125 moulting 223
multicellular organisms 19-22 disadvantages 341-2 interpretation of colours 336-9 mutations 35-7
Antennapedia Complex 77 binding sites 98-9 Bithorax Complex 72-7
in course of development 70 embryos 145-6
flowers 61-3 homeotic 71-2 identity 61-3, 66-9 plants 61-3, 65-6
recruitment of hidden colours 338 regulatory regions 98-9
scute 46 study of 37-8
wing patterns 51
N
natural selection 8-9, 244-5 Needham, Joseph 188 neurons 224-5
Newton, Isaac 3 notochord 20
nuclei 19-20, 21, 140 division 150
gene interaction 163-7 nurse cells 171
NüssleinVolhard, Christiane 146-7, 154, 171, 251
O
ommatidia 189-90, 197
on and off states 82-3, 89-91
concentration gradient 155-6 see also lock and key mechanism orchids 216, 347-9
order of precedence 170
organ development, flowers 85-6 organ identity genes 66 orienting response 353-4
origin of species 7-8 overlapping patterns 158 hidden colours 295-7 master proteins 93-4
P
painterly style 327 pair-rule genes 297-8 palatability 49-51 pangenesis 350-1 Pasteur, Louis 5 patterns 39 alternating 297-9 binding sites 296-7 bristle 39-43, 46, 54
butterfly wings 49-51, 54 combination 253
evolution of 49-54 expression 82-4, 90-1
hidden colour, see hidden colours internal, modification of 218-19 man-made 51-4
mimicry 49-51 overlapping 158 prepattern 46 refinement 203-4 Peloria 242-4 peloric trait 244-5 petals 57-8 pheromones 333 photosynthesis 20 Picasso, Pablo 285-9 plants
cells 20-1 development 60-1
environmental response 22, 219-20 environmental variation 211-12 handedness 269-70, 271-2 hormones 222
life 57-9
mutations 61-3, 65-6 reproduction 22-3, 288-9 structure 57-9, 61-3 symmetry 240-1
plan, unity of 113, 116, 117 polarity 281-2, 290 polydactyly 6
polyphenism 174 Popper, Karl 226-7 population 8
preformation of organisms 2-4, 182-3 premaxillary bone 56
prepattern 46
Principle of Connections 113, 116 probe, molecular, see molecular probe progress 323-9
proportions 304, 306-10 proteins
affinity 156-7, 161-2 bicoid genes 154-5 cell death 319
competition 159-65, 203-4 concentration gradient 150-1, 171 contractile 262-3
electrostatic charges 25 formation 30-3 interaction 161-2
master, see master proteins molecular reactions 24-5 receptor, see receptor proteins recognition of 83-4, 196-7 role of 23-7
shapes 24-6, 199-200 thres hold level 153
type produced 90 see also amino acids; enzymes
R
radial axis 249
radial symmetry 235-6 randomness 48-9 adaptations 350
Réumer, René-Antoine Ferchault de 221 receptor proteins 184-7
brain 225 senses 217-18
shape changes 191-2, 199-200 reference, frame of 49, 99, 170 refinement 203-4
reflection symmetry 233-4, 293-4 regeneration 22, 215-16, 220-1 regulation, see adaptations regulatory regions 88-9, 94-5 mutations 98-9
Rembrandt 259 repeating colours 289-94 repetition 280 replication of DNA 28-9 repressor gene 330 reproducibility 173 reproduction
in art 16-18 developmental 22-3
by division, see cells, division plants 22-3, 288-9
rate 8
sexual 19, 29, 288-9 summary of process 38
unicellular organisms 18-19, 332-4
response to environment, see environmental response restoration 212-15
restriction of growth 311 resupinate position 348-9 retina 217-18
reversibility of responses 152 ribonucleic acid, see RNA right-handed helices 275 RNA
asymmetry 170-2 recognition of 83-4 structure 31
transcription from bicoid gene 171-2 transcription from DNA 31-2
see also DNA rods 217-18
roller mutants 274-5 Rorschach, H. 47-8
rotational symmetry 233, 234-5 Roth, Arnold 232
Rousseau, Jean Jacques 59 Rubin, Gerry 191
S
scents 194-7, 333 intensity 202-3
see also signalling molecules; smell, sense of Schleiden, Matthias J. 19, 20
Schwann, Theodor 19-20
Schwarz-Sommer, Zsusanne 85
Scott, Matthew 84
scute gene 41, 42, 43 mutations 46 response of 49, 54
sea urchins, study of 37 segment identity 71-7 segment polarity genes 290-4 selectivity 99
sensitivity 185, 198-9
relationship to hidden colours 194-7, 199 varied responses 203-4
sepals 57
sevenless mutant 189-93 sex chromosomes 42-3
sex determination 42-3, 210-11, 222-3 sexual reproduction 19, 29, 288-9
shape of organism, see growth shells 272-3 shoot-buds 135-7
sight 217-18
signalling molecules 192-3, 197, 198-9, 201 brain 225
silk-weaving 51-4 Sinott, Edmund 315-16 sims inversus 270-1 skull 56, 57
smell, sense of 181-7; see also scents snapdragon, see Antirrhinum
snow crystals 180 solar energy 26 Sommer, Hans 85 Spallanzani, Lassaro 4
specialisation 325-6, 327 specific anosmia 185 Spemann, Hans 187-8, 204-5 spherical symmetry 234 Spierer, Pierre 84 spontaneous generation 4-5 evidence against 7
staining 83, 84-6 stamens 58
start of development 172 Stern, Curt 39-40, 41, 42, 43 stimuli 225-6
structures
connections within 109-15 DNA 27-31
flowers 57-9 genes 30-1
of organisms 55-6 plants 57-9, 61-3 symmetry
bilateral, see bilateral symmetry embryos 251, 264-5, 277, 289-90, 292-4 flowers 249-50, 254-5
frogs 255-7
fruit flies 250-1, 254-5, 289-90 function and 238-41
hidden colours 292-4 leaves 282-3 left-right 266-7 plants 240-1
radial 235-6
reflection 233-4, 293-4 rotational 233, 234-5 spherical 234
translational 280-5, 289-90, 293-4 vertebrates 270
see also asymmetry snapses 224-5
T
Tabin, Cliff 277 taste 181 testosterone 223 themes 283-5
basis of organs 58-9 explicit 285-7
implicit 285-7, 299-303 interaction with variations 294-5 leaves 287-9, 301, 302 Thompson, D'Arcy 307-9, 310-11 threshold level 153
thymine 27
tinkering 344-7, 351-2, 354-6 transformations, geometrical 233 translational symmetry 280-5, 289-90, 293-4 transmitters 225
Trembley, Abraham 214
U
ultraviolet 79-81 unicellular organisms advantages 341-2 communication 332-4 evolution 20, 329-32 lifestyles 20
reproduction 18-19, 332-4 unity of plan 113, 116, 117