- •1. A killer bacteria couldn’t be worse than enemy artillery.
- •1930S. The first attempts were made on the cornea of the eye.
- •1950S. To avoid the need for typing, the donor and recipient at
- •Invent better methods of saving the lives of their patients. The
- •1. When did the history of transplanting human organs begin?
- •In the late nineteenth century, a German biochemist found
- •1. What was found by a German biochemist in the late XIX
- •Institute created a lamb named Dolly, they accomplished what
- •In 1996, Dolly became the first large animal to be cloned
- •Inserted a cell from a ewe’s udder into an egg from the same
- •1. Where was Dolly cloned?
- •1. Why does any engineer have to study Strength of Materials?
- •1. What helps to eliminate failures in the designs, structures and constructions?
- •2. The a passage is about
- •3. Об использовании прочного сплава в самолетостроении
- •Strength of materials
- •3. О фактах, повлиявших на развитие науки о прочности материалов в 19 веке
- •Strength of materials
- •3. О фактах, повлиявших на развитие науки о прочности материалов в 19 веке
- •Strength of materials
- •3. Об использовании прочного сплава в самолетостроении.
Сам. работа 5.
Variant 1
Fleming Discovers Penicillin.
I. Study the following words. Make sure you know them.
enzyme [ ] fluid [ ] tear [ ] jumble[ l]
lysozome [ ]
II. Read the text and do the tasks following it.
Who discovered penicillin?
Penicillin was the first antibiotic, a special drug that is very
good at killing bacteria. With antibiotics, many illnesses can
soon be cured that were once incurable. Penicillin was
discovered by accident by the British scientist Sir Alexander
Fleming in 1928. He noticed that a mold which had formed in a
dish in his laboratory was killing bacteria in the dish. From the
mold, penicillin was later prepared. In 1938, Howard Floery and
Ernst Chain found a way to make penicillin in large quantities.
Alexander Fleming returned to his research laboratory at St.
Mary’s Hospital in London after World War I. His battlefront
experience had shown him how serious a killer bacteria could
be, much worse even than enemy artillery. He wanted to find a
chemical that could stop bacterial infection.
He discovered lysozome, an enzyme occurring in many
body fluids, such as tears. It had a natural antibacterial effect,
but not against the strongest infectious agents. He kept
looking. Fleming had so much going on in his lab that it was
often in a jungle. This disorder proved very fortunate. In 1928,
he was straightening up a pile of Petri dishes where he has
been growing bacteria, but which had been piled in the sink.
He opened each one and examined it before tossing it into the
cleaning solution. One made him stop and say, “That’s funny.”
Some mold was growing in one of the dishes. …not too
unusual, but all around the mold, the staph bacteria had been
killed … very unusual. He took a sample of the mold. He
found that it was from the penicillium family, later specified as
Penicillium notalum. Fleming presented his findings in 1929,
but they raised little interest. He published a report on
penicillin and its potential uses in the British Journal of
Experimental Pathology.
III. Comprehension check.
1. Match the following words and their meaning by
placing the proper letter on each black.
_1. toss a) cause (a vechile) to crash
_2. pile b) throw up
_3. fortunate c) go or penetrate below the surface
esp. of a liquid.
_4. bacteria d) lucky
_5. sink e) unicellular micro-organism lacking
an
organized nucleus
_6. infection f) microorganisms
_7. Mold e) disease
2. Read the text again to decide if the statements are true or
false? Correct the false ones with the facts from the text.
1. A killer bacteria couldn’t be worse than enemy artillery.
2. Lysozome occurs in many body’s parts, such as throat.
3. Penicillin was discovered accidentally by H. Floery and E.
Chain.
4. A mold can kill bacteria.
5. Fleming’s findings in 1929 raised much interest.
IV. Answer the questions.
1. New information he/she has learnt from the text?
2. Life could be much worse without special drugs, chemicals.
V. Answer the questions.
1. What associations does the word “penicillin” call
to mind?
2. Make the list of ideas.
Variant 2
Text 2
Transplanting Man’s Heart
I. Study the words. Make sure you know them.
organ transplants, danger, artificial, antigen, technique, vessels,
patient, donor, recipient.
II. Read the text and do the tasks following it.
On January 2, 1968, an amazing occurrence in the history
of medicine took place. On that day a South African doctor,
Christian Barnard, successfully transplanted a human heart
into a man named Philip Blaiberg. The technique he used in
performing his surgery had been developed in 1959.
Although very many organ transplants are still being
performed, they are slightly less publicized today than they
were in 1968 and 1969. The original feelings of success wore
off quickly when the doctors discovered that they had not
completely solved all the problems of such operations. One of
the biggest problems is the fact that the patient's system is not
always willing to accept a foreign organ. It works against,
rather than with it. When this happens, the transplant is a failure,
and the patient's life is in danger. On August 17, 1969,
Doctor Barnard's patient died because his body rejected his
new heart.
The history of transplanting human organs began in the
1930S. The first attempts were made on the cornea of the eye.
Since the cornea has no blood vessels, there was no necessity
of typing the patient and donor's antigens. Most of these
operations were successful.
Surgeons first tried to transplant a kidney in the early
1950S. To avoid the need for typing, the donor and recipient at
that time were twins. For a number of years, such an operation
was only successful when performed on twins. But by 1969,
due to the development of agents that would prevent rejection,
kidney transplants were made successfully on unrelated
persons. If a patient survived the first three months after the
operation, he was given an eighty percent chance of living
three more years or longer. The liver, pancreas, and lung have
been transplanted with success.
Throughout the history of medicine, doctors have worked to
Invent better methods of saving the lives of their patients. The
steps they have taken to do this have been slow and often
frustrating. Doctors and scientists are constantly confronted with
new problems just when they think that old ones have been
solved. In the field of heart transplants, doctors are now working
to perfect artificial hearts that will keep patients alive until heart
transplant donors have been found. An operation for this
purpose was performed for the first time in the United States on
April 4, 1969. The artificial heart kept the patient alive for two
and a half days until it was replaced by a donor's heart.
An ultimate goal in heart transplant research is to make an
artificial heart that can remain in the patient's body for the rest of
his life. Many problems must be combatted in this search. The
lives of many men are valiantly devoted to the task of saving the
human heart. Perhaps in the near future they will completely
succeed.
III. Comprehension Check.
1. Match the words and their meaning by placing the proper
letters on each blank.
__1. surgery a. injured, harmed
__2. publicized b. treatment of disease by operation
__3. solution c. the answer to the problem
__4. damaged d. an end or objective
__5. goal e. made widely known, advertised
__6. donor f. a person who goes smth., or
offers smth.
2. Write S, A or N in front of each pair of words to tell
whether they are synonyms or antonyms or neither. The
first one is done for you.
A. artificial / natural
- chance / possibility
- operation / purpose
- success / failure
- advance / development
- man / person
- artificial / man-made
- make / enjoy
- many / few
- alive / magic
- purely / slowly
- complete / not full
- begin / start
- survive / discover
3. What do you think.