Преподаватели секции английского языка Грамматика для общения (английский язык)

departments.

3.To come to class on time she had to take taxi. To come to class on time is students’ duty.

4.To drive a car one should have a driving license. To drive a car in a big town is difficult.

5.To earn money some people are ready to take risks. To earn money is not a goal in itself.

6.To speak a foreign language is necessary.

To speak a foreign language well you should listen to native speakers.

7.To hire a car for a weekend we went to the garage. To hire this car for a weekend costs a lot of money.

III. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive as an attribute.

1.The subject will be discussed at the conference to be held in May. 2. A vacuum cleaner is an electric apparatus to clean things with. 3. I have something to tell you. 4. Nelly is always the first to learn the news. 5. It was the chance not to be missed. 6. I have no one to go with to the concert. 7. The rules to be learned should be illustrated by examples. 8. There are some useful things to take for the trip. 9. Tom was the only person in our group to speak English fluently. 10. There is much work to be done. 11. You are the next student to be tested. 12. Is it the only thing to do? 13. This is the best toothpaste to clean teeth with.

IV. Change the subordinate clauses with the Infinitive.

Example: He said the first thing that came into his head.

He said the first thing to come into his head.

1.He was the first who passed the exam. 2. This is only a part of the story that can be told. 3. The goods that will be produced at this factory will be of high quality. 4. Jack is the only person who can help you now. 5. The question that is to be included in the agenda of the meeting is of great importance. 6. Our teacher gave us a list of a few books that should be read. 7. The head of the department is the right man who can consult you before making final plans. 8. We are going to take part in the economic forum, which will be held next week. 9. The report, which is to be made, deals with some higher education problems. 10. There are some facts that must be taken into account. 11. An

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umbrella is a thing, which keeps you from rain. 12. The old woman was the last person, who could say something about this event.

V. Compare sentences with to be to as

a.an equivalent of must ( должен) ;

b.as a part of the predicate (состоять в том, что; заключаться в том, чтобы; это; значит).

Example:
Everybody is to obey the rules.	Все должны соблюдать правила
The request is to obey the rules.

Требование состоит в том, чтобы соблюдать правила.

1.Our aim is to master English grammar. This student is to master English grammar.

2.My intention was to ring you up and tell you the good news. Nelly was to ring you up and tell you the good news.

3.The reporter’s assignment was to interview the famous sportsman. The reporter was to interview the famous sportsman.

4.Everyone is to learn about it as much as possible. Our task is to learn about it as much as we can.

5.The manager was to find the right man for the job.

The problem was to find the right man for the job.

6.The duty of a postman is to deliver letters. A postman is to deliver letters.

VI. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive as an adverbial modifier.

1. We stood up so as to see everything better. 2. The reason was not sufficient to be absent from the lecture. 3. The students gathered together in the reading hall of the library in order to read for the exam. 4. I was too nervous to take the test that day. 5. Everything was done to stop the fire. 6. Every year several groups of students go to Britain to improve their English. 7. It was too late to do anything. 8. Helen was clever enough to enter one of the most prestigious universities. 9. Could you phone the theater to find out what time the play starts? 10. Is the sum sufficient to pay travelling expenses? 11. The child is too young to walk. 12. Write down my telephone number not to forget it.

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VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. Pay attention to the Perfect Infinitive + modal verbs.

1. You need not have bought bread. We’ve got plenty. 2. You should have given the dog more food. 3. The students ought to have studied the paragraph earlier 4. The boy might have fallen from the tree. 5. The soup could have been better with a bit more salt. 6. He may have missed his train. 7.Everything might have been worse. 8. They must have begun their journey. 9. The head of the group ought to have booked the tickets in advance. 10. The old man might have forgotten or mixed the date. 11. You should have phoned me immediately. 12. We need not have been in a hurry. 13. Jack couldn’t have left a friend at such a moment. 14. She cannot have got out of the bus by herself.

VIII. Read and translate the sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject).

Example: He was not believed to come back but he did.

Не верилось, что он вернется, но он вернулся.

1. The atmosphere is known to extend several hundred kilometers. 2. She seemed to be listening to him with great interest. 3. The bases of modern physical science are considered to be laid by Euclid, Galileo, Lomonosov and Newton. 4. This politician is sure to be a brilliant speaker. 5. He is unlikely to have forgotten about it. 6. Money is said not to buy happiness. 7. The students are certain to be working in the laboratory. 8 A group of young scientists is reported to have made an extraordinary discovery. 9. I happened to be out when he called. 10. Erik turned out to have many friends. 11. There appears to have been a mistake in that word.

IX. Read and translate the sentences with Complex Object (the Objective –with-the-Infinitive Construction).

1. Some people like a story to have a happy end. 2. The students wanted to be examined as soon as possible. 3. I do not desire you to tell her anything. 4. We believed it to be the only way out. 5. The boy felt his cheeks redden. 6. Would you like him to stay? 7. That horror story made my hair stand on end. 8. No one has noticed them leave the house early in the morning. 9. The doctor advised the sick man to keep his bed for some days more. 10. Do you wish me

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to be at home earlier? 11. The box-office clerk declared all tickets to have been sold out. 12. We heard somebody be playing the piano.

X. Make up sentences with Complex Object or Complex Subject.

Example: I, the lesson, as soon as possible, to be over, wanted. I wanted the lesson to be over as soon as possible.

1. The suggestion, logical, to be, seemed. 2. Me, my parents, want, to take, the post-graduate course. 3. Mary, turned out, a first-year student, to be. 4. That, to have been happened, is unlikely. 5. My trainer, wants, to be, me, a wellknown football player. 6. They, watched, the catalogue, be looking through, the girl. 7. Rather interesting, they, the report, to be, found. 8. To take part in, many outstanding scientists, are expected, the symposium. 9. Jack, to be good at, is said, physics. 10. Is known, to prevent colds, vitamin C. 11. During the test, us, our teacher, lets, use, our dictionaries. 12. Prices for goods, to go up, are certain.

XI. Analyze the sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive constructions and translate them.

1. How long did it take you to learn to play the guitar? 2. To live is to create, to go forward. 3. The problem to be discussed concerns everyone. 4. I felt ill this morning so I decided not to go to work. 5. John and Mary seem to have been made for each other. 6. Don’t play your stereo too loud so as to disturb your neighbours. 7. The expedition was reported to have reached the North Pole. 8. There was nothing to be taken there. 9. The Smiths want their idea to be a big secret. 10. I only want to be given my chance. 11. To cross the Rubicon is to a final step. 12. I’ve got a master cassette to copy out. 13. You should have been more careful. 14. He was the only in the family to graduate from university. 15. To speak to me alone Jack took me apart. 16. The boy was happy to have been taken to the circus. 17. I always seem to lose when playing cards. 18. These young men might have been my classmates. 19. Everyone is to be here in time. 20. Her joke made us laugh.

GERUND

NOTE: Gerund is used after

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1. the following verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, mention, mind, postpone, practice, resist, risk, suggest, understand;

e.g. Excuse my interrupting you. Do you mind switching off the TV?

2.Verbs with prepositions: depend on, insist on, keep on, leave off, thank for, think of, prevent somebody from doing something, look forward to, etc.; e.g. I look forward to seeing you.

3.some expressions: there’s nothing like; feel like; can’t help; be worth; doing something; spend time; waste time;

4.after the prepositions: on, after, by, before, besides, without, by, at;

After some verbs, either the Gerund or the Infinitive can be used:

allow, begin, continue, forget, go, go on, hate, hear, like, like, love, permit, prefer, propose, regret, remember, see, start,, stop, try, watch.

I. Choose the correct form.

1. She is surprised at his not (coming, having come) yesterday. 2. My father is sure of my (passing, having passed) the exam tomorrow. 3. He hates (being disturbed, disturbing) people. 4. I am proud of John (having awarded, having been awarded) the medal. 5.After (passing, having passed) the museum they went into a huge shopping complex. 6. The key (being lost, having been lost) they could not enter the room. 7. Mary (eating, having eaten) all the sweets, they had nothing for desert. 8. Before (taking, being taken) part in the match they decided to train a little.

II.* Some of the sentences contain errors. Correct errors.

1.I enjoy to play tennis.

2.I love living near the sea.

3.What would you like doing tonight?

4.David agreed leaving the next day

5.Mary began to ask me a lot of questions.

6.She continued studying all day.

7.I don’t want seeing you ever again.

8.My friend denied to take money.

9.He started to talk to me.

10.Would you mind to help me?

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III.Put in the correct form of the verb in brackets in these sentences.

1.I’ve decided …..(start) seeing David again.

2.Are you sure you really want ….. (see) him after all this time, Ann?

3.I can’t pretend ….. (be) happy about this.

4.He should promise ….. (marry) you.

5.I’m not sure I want ….. (marry) him.

6.Would you mind ….. (tell) me what you do want?

7.If we can manage ….. (be) friends – that would be nice.

8.I can’t avoid ….. (talk) to him forever.

II. Complete the following sentences using gerunds.

1. (Be) free and alone is a good thing if you are tired of big cities. 2. (Find) you here was quite a surprise. 3. If this is what you intend (ask) me, stop (waste) your time. 4. They kept on (talk) though the band began (play). 5. Everyone enjoyed (swim) in the river. 6. My watch needs (repair). 7. He never mentioned (live) in Prague. 9. Don’t put of (do) it now. If you postpone (receive) a visa again, you will miss an excellent opportunity of (go) there. 10. Just imagine (go) there together.

CONDITIONALS

I. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense in clauses of condition or result. There are examples of the first, second, and zero conditionals.

a. If you

(go) away, please write to me.

b. If my

wife

(be)as violent as yours,

I

(leave)

her.

c. If it

(rain) this weekend,

we

(not able) to play

tennis.

d. If I

(see) Peter this afternoon,

I

(tell) him the news.

e. I

(not

like) meat if it

(be) undercooked.

I

prefer it well done.

f. Please start your meal. If you

(not have) your soup now, it (go)

cold.

g. I have to work about 80 hours a week. If I

(have) more

time, I _________ (take up) a sport like tennis.

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h. If he		(be) taller, he		(can) be a policeman, but he's too
short.

II 1. Is your country run as you would like it? Complete the sentence matching a line from column A with a line from column B.

Aa. If I were Minister of the Environment,

b.If I were Minister of Defense,

c.If I were Minister of Trade,

d.If I were in charge of the Home Office,

e.If I were Minister of Finance,

B1 I'd ban the import of foreign cars.

2I'd increase tax on people with very high incomes.

3I'd stop factories letting harmful chemicals into the atmosphere.

4I'd bring back the death penalty.

5I'd build up conventional weapons and get rid of nuclear weapons.

III. What changes would you make if you were Minister of various departments (Trade, Finance, Education)? What would be the results of these changes?

Example: If I were in charge of the Home Office, I'd reduce the number of prisoners, because if there were fewer prisoners, we would 't need so many prisons.

IV. Match the two halves of these sentences.

A		B
1.	If I pass my driving test,	a. will you pay for the meal?
2.	You’ll learn English more	b. we find somewhere to live.
	easily if
3.	Will you give her these	c. you study a little every day.
	flowers when
4.	If they don’t give him the job,	d. you don’t water them.
5.	I’ll marry you as soon as	e. we’ll send them to you.
6.	Your plants won’t grow well if	f. I’ll buy a car.
7.	As soon as we get the tickets,	g. I don’t know what he’ll do.
8.	If I buy the Champaign	h. you see her?

V. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense with will or the Present Simple.

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a.If you__________ (eat) another cake, you___________ (be) sick.

b.You_________ (fail) your exam if you_____________ (not study) hard.

c.What_______ you________ (do) if you ____________ (fail)?

d.Our children and grandchildren__________ (suffer) if we__________ (not look after) our planet.

e.I______(do) my homework as soon as this program_______ (finish).

f.When she______ (read) my letter, she_______understand my problem.

g.Where______ he_______ (stay) when he________ (go) to New York?

h.They______ (give) her the message as soon as she__________ (arrive).

VI. Match the two halves of these sentences.

1.	If can’t get a flight home, …		a. you’d better hurry up.
2.	If it’s 11 a.m. in London, …		b. it’s 8 p.m. in Tokyo.
3.	If you haven’t got anything		c. you must have a typhoid
	to declare, …		inoculation.
4.		If you’re travelling from London	d. there are no hovercraft flights.
		to New York, …
5.		If the sea is rough, …	e. we’ll refund your travel
6.		If you have to be there by ten, …	expenses.
			f. she won’t be able to change it.
7.		If you haven’t met before, …	g. she’ll be on the next one.
8.		If she wasn’t on that flight, …	h. go through the green door.
9.		If you keep the receipts, …	i. he’ll be here in half an hour.
10.		If they’ve caught the 2.30 from	j. put your watch back five hours.
		London, …
11.		If she bought a discount ticket, …	k. I’ll have to stay overnight.
12.		If she wasn’t on that flight, …	l. how will you recognize him
			at the airport?

VII. You are going on a very important business trip. What will you do if

Example: If I miss my flight, I’ll catch the next one.

a.you miss your flight?

b.you lose your luggage?

c.your partner can’t speak Russian and English?

d.your partner invites you to lunch?

e.your partner’s price is too high?

f.your partner offers you a bribe?

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VIII. What would you do in the following situations? Say why?

1.If you were offered two jobs, one which was very interesting but badly paid, and one which was boring but well paid, which one would you except?

2.If you won $ 5,000, would you give any of it away? How much would you spend and how much would you save?

3.If you found a wallet in the street with $1,ooo in it, and the name of the person who had lost it, what would you do?

4.What would you do, if you saw someone shoplifting, for example, stealing food from the supermarket?

5.If you saw a fight in the street what would you do?

6.If a close friend said ‘If anyone asks, tell them I spent the whole evening with you’, - what would you do?

7.If you were a millionaire, what would you do?

IX. The following sentences express some of Jack Higgin’s regrets (сожаление) about his past and present life. Rewrite them using I wish.

Example: I listened to other people’s advice.

I wish I hadn’t listened to other people’s advice.

1.My parent helped me to get a safe job.

2.I didn’t try to become a professional actor.

3.I wasn’t encouraged (поощрять) to be a writer.

4.I had to do a National Service.

5.I’m a workaholic.

6.I find life disappointing (разочаровывать).

7.I don’t have any hobbies.

X.* For each situation write one sentence with I wish and one sentence with should/shouldn’t have + V3.

Example: I’ve got no job and no qualifications.

I wish I had a job. I should have worked harder at school.

a.And I crashed the car last night.

b.I’ve got to the court next week because I forgot to pay a parking fine.

c.My wife has left me.

d.I had a terrible headache this morning.

e.And I’m late for work.

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XI. Put the verbs into the correct tense. Use Past Simple or would.

a.If I __________(live) in the country, I __________(have) a dog.

b.If I __________(have) a lot of money, I___________ (not work).

c.I _________(go) to the party if I ______________(not be) so busy.

d.What _______ you (do) if someone____ (give) you a million pounds?

e.If I __________ (be) you, I _____________ (look) for another job.

f.If she _________ (work) harder, she________(pass) her exams successfully.

XII. Combine sentences using a Second Conditional.

Example:

A.I’m not rich. I don’t live in a big house.

If I were rich, I’d live in a big house.

B.I’m not rich. I don’t live in a big house.

If I were rich, I’d live in a big house.

A

1.He eats a lot of sweets. He’s fat.

2.She smokes forty cigarettes a day. She coughs a lot.

3.He doesn’t understand Portuguese. He won’t work in Brazil.

4.They don’t have a garden. They don’t grow vegetables.

5.I don’t have a bout. I won’t sail around the world.

6.He doesn’t know English grammar. He won’t write the test successfully.

B

1.He works in the evening. He has no time to play with his children.

2.She buys a lot of clothes. She has no money.

3.I haven’t got a car. I can’t give you a lift.

4.I go to bed late. In the morning I’m tired.

5.She hasn’t got a watch. She’s always late.

6.He goes in for sports. He’s always in high spirit and energetic.

XIII. Complete the following sentences using might.

Example: Take your umbrella because…(rain).

Take your umbrella because it might rain.

a.She’s not sure what to do when she leaves university.

…(have a holiday/look for a job).

b.They don’t know where to have a holiday. … (Spain/stay at home).

c.Write my telephone number in your book …. (forget it).

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