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22 Growing stature of Canada after World War 2 When World War 2 began in 1939, Canada- entered the war. Canadian factories poured out mass supplies to send to the aid of Britain. The country’s effort in World W 2 gave Canada the power. With the war won, Canadians turned their attention to the development of their nation and to independent participation in World affairs that continue to this day. - the country also played a major role in working out the postwar trading World and in creating the UNO in 1945. -Canada and its diplomats played a crucial role in creating NATO in 1949.Canada even sent troops to peacekeeping operations around the world. It was the so-called golden age of Canadian diplomacy. -The Liberals headed by Pierre Trubeau(successor of Pearson)aimed at reducing the influence of the USA in Canada but it led to greater friction between the 2 powers. -The situation changed in 1984 when Conservative party under Brian Mulroney came to power. A serious effort was mounted to try and reach a general trade agreement in the USA. But Canada worried that the free Trade Agreement would give US unlimited access to Canada. That did not happen. -The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 which included the USA+ Canada+Mexico. -Canada is the main trading partner for the USA. -all in all, majority of Canadians are suspicious that the USA would like to annex Canada. The is a reasonable common opinion among Canadians that if Quebec separates from the rest of Canada, the rest will break up- this is known as the 51^st State Idea. -Canada plays an import. role in the development of Cuba’s industry. -in 1964 a Bill was passed in favour of a new flag. -Quebeckes wanted full recognition of their own cultureRene Levesque (of Parti Quebecois) came to power. He stood for independent Quebec. He hold a wide referendum. But at referendum the answer was NO. The argument: the majority of Quebecs didn’t want to separate. -Despite all problems, Canada’s stature in the world today- high. She belongs to the prestigious G-7 Club which includes the 7 most advanced countries of the contemporary world.

20 Main political parties, The USA is largely a two-party system: the Republicans and the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party: Thomas Jefferson founded the Dem. Party in 1792 as a congressional assembly to fight for the Bill of Rights and against the Federalist Party. In 1798, the “party of the common man” was officially named the Dem.-Republican Party and in 1800 elected Jefferson as the 1^st Dem. President of the US. Jefferson was followed by James Madison in 1808 who strengthened America’s armed forces by defeating the British in the War of 1812. James Monroe was elected president in 1816. The election of John Quincy Adams in 1824 led to a split among Dem. – Republicans. A result of the split was the emergence of Andrew Jackson as a national leader. The Jacksonian Democrats created the national convention process. The party platform, and reunified the Dem. Party with Jackson’s victories in 1821 and 1832. It was Andrew Jackson that institutionally consolidated the Dem. Party as a political organization in the modern sense of the world. W. Bryan >created the most powerful economic engine; a movement of agrarian reformers; support of women’s suffrage; W. Wilson >fought for the League of Nations; F. Roosevelt >a new Deal (pulled America out of the Depression); H. Truman >the fight to bring down the final barriers of race and gender; establishing the Marshall plan, NATO; In the 1960s, President John Kennedy and his followers challenged an optimistic nation to build on its great history (a New Frontier, man on the Moon, a treaty banning nuclear weapons, the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, creation of Medicare); In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected president, helping to restore the nation’s trust in government following the Watergate scandal; In 1992, Bill Clinton was elected the 42^th President of the USA (reduction of unemployment and crime); In 2004, John Kerry lost the presidential race to George W. Bush. The Dem. party has a long history of claiming to represent and protect the interests of working Americans and guaranteeing personal liberties for all. The National Platform is an official statement of the Party’s position on a wide variety of issues. The 2000 National Platform emphasized 3 key Dem. Party ideas: Prosperity, Progress, Peace. The Republican Party: The Rep. Party was founded in 1850’s by anti-slavery activists and individuals who believed that the government should grant western lands to settlers free of charge. In 1856, the Rep. became a national party when John Fremont was nominated for President. The actual emergence of the Rep. Party is associated with Abraham Lincoln who became its leader and won the presidential elections of 1860 to become the 16^st US President. During the Civil War in 1863 Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves. The Rep. passed 13, 14, 15 amendments. A Civil Rights Act in 1866 which recognized blacks as US citizens; The National 8 Hour Law which limited the work day to 8 hours; Creating the Department of Labour to regulate labour relations in the country; Rep Presidents: Eisenhower, Nixon, Ford, Reagan, Bush. Rep. expressing the interests of “big business” and well-to-do class are strongly committed to principles when governmental interference has to be minimal in the life of the state. Rep. have a long and rich history with basic principles: Abolishing slavery, free speech, women’s suffrage; Reducing the government, Streamlining the bureaucracy, returning the power to the states; Equal rights, justice and opportunities for all; In 2008 the elections of president took place in the USA. The Rep. Party has nominated John McCain, Senator of State Arizona. The Dem. Party nominated the Senator of State Illinois Barack Obama.

18 Structure of the president’s administration Everyday work of the government is carried out by different executive departments (ministries), created by Congress to deal with national and international affairs. The heads (ministers) of these departments, chosen by the President and approved by the Senate, form the Cabinet. Today, these 15 departments are: State, Treasury, Defence, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labour, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security (created after the 9 — 11 terrorist attacks in 2001). Each department has thou­sands of employees, with offices all over the country as well as in Washington. In addition to the executive departments, there are over fifty agencies in the Federal Government, the heads of which are directly responsible to the president. Each executive agency has certain duties and responsibilities. In 1947 the National Security Council was formed, which includes the President, the Vice-President, the Secretaries of State and Defence. It is the main center of planning American foreign and military policy. The influence of the NSC is so great, that it is often called "the super cabinet". A constitutional protection against misused executive power is contained in the fol­lowing provision: "The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for treason, bribery or other high crimes..." THE CABINET (All departments are headed by a secretary, except the Justice Department, which is headed by the attorney general.) THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: Created in 1862. THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE: Created in 1903. The Department of Commerce and Labor split into two separate departments in 1913. THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE: Amalgamated in 1947. The Department of Defense was established by combining the Department of War (established in 1789), the Department of the Navy (established in 1798) and the Department of the Air Force (established in 1947). Although the secretary of defense is a member of the Cabinet, the secretaries of the Army, Navy and Air Force are not. THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION: Created in 1979. Formerly part of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY: Created in 1977. THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES: Created in 1979, when the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (created in 1953) was split into separate entities. THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT: Created in 1965 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: Created in 1849. THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE: Created in 1870. Between 1789 and 1870, the attorney general was a member of the Cabinet, but not the head of a department. THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR: Created in 1913 THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE: Created in 1789. THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION: Created in 1966 THE DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY: Created in 1789. THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS: Created in 1988. Formerly the Veterans Administration, now elevated to Cabinet level THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Created in 2002 after the 9- 11 terrorist attacks in 2001

23 Political system of Canada Canada is an indep., self-governing democracy. Form of government- constitution monarchy. Canada is a country with 11 governments- the federal one at the centre in Ottawa and one in each of the 10 provinces. The provinces are divided up into counties and municipal districts each with their council. The Constitution -consists of written documents and unwritten conventions(соглашение) -the written constitution is embodied in the Constitution Acts 1867-1982. -the British North America Act of 1867 is the keystone of the Canadian constitution-l system. It established a federal state with a parliament modeled on the British system. -the central government is empowered to pass legislation in areas, such as foreign policy. The provinces have powers in other areas such as the administration of justice, education etc. -convention- all legislation passed by parliament requires Royal Assent by the Queen’s representative in Canada, the Governor-General. Parliament -make laws in areas of federal responsibility -areas of authority: trade, commerce, criminal law, banking, defense. -official language: English\french (all laws must be written in the 2 languages) -Parliament consists of: the Queen, the Senate, the House of Commons. -Senators are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister (PM) -there are 112 senators which hold office until the age of 75 -the House of C. is an elected assembly, represents one of 301 electoral districts. (general elections of members to the H of C must occur every 5 years, but PM can call an election more often. -the PM is the leader of the political party able to command the support of a majority of the members of the H of C. -the PM selects a Cabinet from among his fellow party members. -Cabinet ministers head the various executive departments of the government -the Senate may delay resolutions of the H of C up to 180 days, but can’t defeat them; -the Senate can’t initiate bills dealing with money -the Senate’s chief role- to provide technical reviews of legislation proposed in the H of C. Passing a bill A billH of C (2 readings)Parliamentary committeeCommittee report3^rd reading in H of CSenate(the process is repeated)Governor-General gives royal assent to the bill and sign it into law. The Monarchy The British monarch (Queen Elizabeth 2) is official head of state. -the queen has no part to play in government -She appoints the Governor-General (for 5 years) but only on the PM recommendation. -Governor General appoints judges to the Supreme court (on the advice of PM) Provincial Government Provinces have a system of government which parallels the federal government in several ways. -A Premier, like PM, leads the government. -the major difference between the provincial and federal systems of government is that the provinces have no equivalent of the federal Senate, that is the legislatures of the provinces are unicameral (однопартийные).	5. Describe the role of immigration in the making of the American nation - a "melting pot** of nations. Characterize the main ethnic groups. Give a brief survey of the present population of the USA: density, distribution and other characteristics. A vital role in the formation of the population of the US was played by the immigration. 1790 - 4 mln p, 1854 - 24 mln. Reasons: -discovery of gold _ political & religious freedom -poverty & hunger Immigrants often live by solid communities: Germans - Pennsylvania, Swedes - Minnesota, French - Louisiana, the Slavs - north-east. Lake district. they use their native languages & keep traditions. Negro - 30mln (12%) Spaniards - 17 mln Indians - 1,5 mln 80% - english-speaking americans Population - 260 mln (3rd in the world) Average density - 26,2 Noortheast-374 South - 30 Pacific coast -64 MCs Dakota, Nebraska - 47 Wyoming - 2 Alaska - 0,3 The urban population is growing - now 74% The biggest cities: New York (17,9 mln), Los Angeles (13 mln), Chicago <8,lmln), San Francisco, Philadelphia, Detroit. Sex : male 48,6%, female 51,4% Assimilation is the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society. Usually they are immigrants, who through contact and participation in the larger culture, gradually give up most of their former culture traits and take on the new traits to such a degree that they become socially indistinguishable from other members of the society. Assim-ion does not denote racial or other biological fusion, though such fusion may be related. Complete assimilation rarely occurs, as evidenced, for ex., by the great diversity of local and regional cultures in Europe, despite centuries of conquest and recurrent attempts to force assimilation. There have, nonetheless, been some notable instances of assimilation, particularly in the USA, the so-called “melting pot” of ethnic groups. Millions of	7. Expand on the basic values of the American nation. Explain their importance. Expand on the notion "the frontier heritage”, the heroes. What is political correctness? 7 values: material wealth; lack of formality; hard work; individual freedom; self reliance; equal opportunity to succeed; equal competitions; The heritage of the frontier is still very much alive in the USA today. The frontier spirit is one of the national values of America. The frontier experience began when the first colonists settled on the east coast of North America in 1600s. It ended about 1890 when the last western lands were settled. The American frontier consisted of the unsettled regions of the US, usually found in the western part of the country. Here, both land and life were more rough or rugged and primitive than in the more settled eastern parts. By settling one frontier area after another, Americans moved across the whole continent, about 4,500 km wide. Americans considered the frontier, its life and its people as the best examples of their most important values. The frontier gave many examples of hard work, as forests were cut and towns grew up. There was much adventure on the western frontier. The rush for gold in California, for silver in Montana, and for good land in all the western territories provided endless stories of adventure. The frontiersman depended on himself. He had to build his own house, hunt, look after the farm, make his own clothes and the things which he needed for his home. The hero is a man who is physically strong, tough and rugged because of frontier life, kind and polite to women and children, very independent. There are 2 types of heroes: of the-early period before the civil war - the main struggle was against the wilderness or the forces of nature. Daniel Boone. Explored the wilderness in Kentucky in the 1760s and 1770s. in 1778 was captured by Indians, -who were so impressed with his physical strength and skills that made him a member of their tribe. Later he managed to escape. He became a hero because he was a brave man who conquered the wilderness. The second period - 1860s until the end of the 19th century. The struggle of man against man. The hero of this period is a strong, tough man who can easily defeat two or three men at one time, a defender of good against evil. Jesse James and Wyatt Earp. Polite correctness: it’s concerned with avoiding attitudes, actions, forms of expression, which suggest prejustice and are likely to offend people. Human being instead of man Miss - miss and missis Afro-American - black Native American – Indian. With limited physical abilities – invalid With limited mental abilities - fool in 1812). The solution was Confederation. The initiators of it - Fathers of Confederation, met in 1864 in Charlestown to work out details. The eventual result was the British North America Act of 1867 which brought about confederation of the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia &New Brunswick. The idea of a federal system with one central government for each of the provinces was accepted by 4 founding provinces. Constitution act in 1867: colonies were welcome to join Canada in the future. Values – are ideas about what is right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, normal and abnormal, proper or improper in this or that society. Assumptions – are the postulates, the unquestioned given about people, life and the way things are. People who grow up in a particular culture share certain values and assumptions. A culture can be viewed as a collection of values and assumptions that go together to shape the way a group of people perceive the world around them. Many historians believe that all American values emerged from frontier heritage. The words that are dear to all American hearts are: mobility, freedom, individualism, opportunity, energy, pragmatism, progress, renewal, competition. The basic American values and assumptions comprise: 1. Individual freedom: The term “freedom” in the American understanding means the desire and ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without influence or interference from government, ruling noble class, church, etc. There is a price, however, to be paid for this individual freedom – self reliance. Americans believe that individuals must learn to rely on themselves, otherwise they risk losing freedom. In practice this means achieving both financial and emotional independence from parents as early as possible (18-21). Since childhood the children are given freedom to make their own decisions and express their opinion, but they are also taught to take responsibility for their opinions and decisions. 2. Equality of opportunity and competition: Each individual should have equal chance for success, equal rights. Equal opportunities help to ensure that the race for success is fair and that a person from a privileged background does not always win the race. There is a price to be paid for this equality – competition. Americans match their energy and intelligence against that of their neighbours in a competition for success. Competitiveness is encouraged in the American society. They don’t like losers. 3. Material wealth and hard work: Americans have one of the highest standards of living in the world. People’s status in the American society is frequently measured by how much they own. Material possessions are thought as evidence of hard work of a person and also as evidence of his abilities. Thus Americans strive to improve their financial situation showing by this that they CAN do it, that they are clever and strong enough to make their life better. To be able to afford buying different things one has to work hard. It is normal for Americans to show their friends that one can afford a bigger house or a more expensive car, etc. This symbolizes the financial success of the person s a result of his hard work. Hard workers are idealized and respected. 4. Individualism: The ideal person, as seen by the Americans, should be independent, self-reliant, individualistic, should stand out from the crowd by doing something first or best, has courage to try something new. 5. Privacy: Americans assume all the people need some time to themselves or some time alone. Nobody has right to deny a person this time. That’s why, if the parents can afford it, each child will have his or her own bedroom, his or her toys, books, clothes, etc. 6. Time is money: The desire of the Americans to get the most out of every minute often affects their behavior, making them impatient when they have to wait . As a result of this lots of Americans invent different things to save their time (fast-food restaurants, for instance) or they also buy all kinds of equipment to save time and handle work more efficiently (dish-washers, computers, etc.) They like timetables, schedules, plans, etc. It enables Americans to be productive and efficient, and productivity is highly valued in the US. 7. Informality: Americans are pretty informal in their behaviour and in their relations with other people. This informality finds expression in everything – their speech (straight-forward questions and remarks, they’d say “hi” to just about anyone), clothes (casual), gestures (energetic), postures (legs on the table). There are no strict status divisions in the USA and a student, for instance, can speak freely to a dean very informally. High officials usually encourage such informality because it makes them closer to people and helps to win their support and respect. 8. Optimism and looking in the future: History taught Americans to be optimistic and to be always ready to face and solve problems. They don’t look back in the past as a rule, but look ahead, in the future, with optimism and assurance that it will bring positive changes with it if they work on it. 9. Charity and voluntarism: The Americans are very active in their social life. They organize all kinds of community groups to help poor or disabled people, parentless children, etc. Many of them are volunteers in different organizations, i.e. they work there for free. The fact that they can help somebody, do something for other people gives them the feeling of satisfaction and self-fulfillment and gives purpose to their life. 10.Free choice A passion for choice is a key value. It implies an absence of political or economic restraint and an opportunity to select from numerous options. Free choice is associated with the chance to escape the problems of the past and to create a new life in the New World
8. Explain the social and cultural differences between the USA and Europe the reasons and aftereffects. Americans find it much more difficult to socialize and interact than Europeans, they have different ways of making friends, finding jobs, interacting at the office. The social systems are vastly different, and there are religious differences. 1) Americans are outwardly very friendly, BUT their friendliness is only on the surface Americans generally do not like 'get^1 satire, "is just a waste of time by those who have nothing substantive to say." Many Americans are very family-oriented. Many new expects report exhaustion trying to keep up with all the things to do with the kids when they come to the states. The majority of Americans have never been abroad. American media does not speak much about Europe, let alone the rest of the world, On the converse, the United States is a huge country. Many Americans feel they simply haven't seen enough of their own country to warrant travelling abroad to see another country. To add, many people just don't get enough holiday time to make it financially worth while travelling abroad, a live to work rather than a work to live outlook on life. Most Americans are proud to boast of Scottish or Irish or German or Italian ancestry, even if it has been centuries since anyone in their family lived overseas. Many Americans like to remember this not because 'they like the Old Country' but they like to show that their family was once immigrants who dreamed of a better life 'in America'. By pointing out that fact , many feel they are honouring and meeting their ancestors wishes and dreams.	6. Discuss the reasons, development and consequences of the War of Independence (1775-1783). The Brit.Governm., fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke wars with the Indians, issued a royal proclamation denying the colonists the right to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. This angered the colonists. Heavy taxes were introduced on sugar, cofe, textiles and other imported goods. Britain was worried by Amer.’s growing economy and possible competition. So she did everything to harass this development. The Quartering Act forced the colonies to house and feed British soldiers. The last of the measures of the new financial system was the Stamp Act of 1765 which provoked the greatest organized resistance in the colonies. It provided that special stamps were to be attached to all newspapers or other legal documents. It aroused the hostility o most of the Amer. population. Representatives from 9 colonies met and convened the “Stamp Act Congress”. Opposition was so widespread that the Brit. Governm. was forced to repeal the Stamp Act.At the same time Brit. soldiers were sent to Boston where tension was high. The colonists demanded that taxes only be introduced with the consent of colonial assemblies. To defuse the situation the Br.Govern. abolished many of the new taxes except that on tea. This led to new confrontation which served to drive the colonies into war against the Mother Country. 16.12.1773-a band of men disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded 3 brit. ships lying at anchor in Boston harbor and dumped 342 crates of tea into the waters of the port. It was a form of protest.=>brit. parliam. closed the port to all the shipping. --.09.1774-th 1^st Continental Congress was convened(Philadelphia).=>quiet soon the growing confrontation broke into open fire. 19.04.1775-the commander of the English garrison in Boston sent a unit of soldiers to Concord to seize arms by the colonists. The brit.troops reached Lexington on their way and encountered a band of 70 minutemen(they were supposed to be ready to fight in a minite).Someone fired a shot, and a major exchange of fire took place leaving 8 dead and 10 wounded-“the shot heard round the world”=>the Americ.War of Independ.(1775-83) The English took Lexington and Concord. But when they reached Boston they suffered more than 250 killed and wounded. The Americans lost 93 men. May.1775-a 2^nd Continent. Congr.met (Philad.) and assumed the powers of a national government. It formed continental Army and Navy under the Command of Colonel G.Washington. The Congress printed its own paper money and sought to establish diplomatic relations with foreign countries. 02.07.1776-the Congress finally decided that united colonies of right ought to be free and independent. 04/07/1776-the Congress adopted a Declaration of Independence, which was drafted by T.Jefferson (democrat, Virginia). The Declaration not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also set forth the principles of human freedom. But these rights did not apply to mlns of Negro slaves and the institution of slavery continued to exist till 1860-s. It was one thing to proclaim independence, but another to win independence in the course of resolute struggle. At 1^st, the war didn’t go well for the poorly equipped and badly trained Americ. army. At times it seemed that the Brit. Army of Redcoats would win, but little by little the situation changed when the Americ. army was joined by 1000-s of volunteers. October.1777-the Brit.Army under General J.Burgoyne suffered heavy defeat at Saratoga in northern N.Y. After this victory France seized the opportunity to humble Britain. February.1778-a Franco-American alliance was signed. The Americans began to receive financial and military help from France, and the French navy supported the Americans at sea. 1781-the brit.army was surrounded by a French fleet from the sea and a combined French-American army under G.Washington. Soon the Brit.governm. asked for peace. September.1783-britain finally recognized the independence of the USA by signing the Treaty of Paris. The 13 colonies were free. The events of the war are termed as the American Revolution because with the formation of the USA a republic was established as a result of the struggle of the American colonists who overthrow a monarchy based on colonial exploitation and denial of civil and political rights. The Americ. people cherish the democratic gains of the American Revolution.+the Am.Revol.had a great impact on the development of events in Europe(helping to trigger the French Revolution of 1789.).	24) Different ethnic groups, Multiculturalism Canada had a population of about 30 million (1998). Population density of about 3 persons per sqkm. Eastern Canada is by far the most heavily populated part of the country. The largest cities: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, British Columbia etc. -after World W 2- boom in immigration. -More immigrants are swarming into the Toronto area than to the rest of Canada by the end of 1975 it had become –Canadian biggest city. -2 important and several lesser groups make up the Canadian people. The most important are people from the British Isles and from France. -after the British conquest, British group became predominant in every province but Quebec. About half of Canadian’s present population is of British stock. -The French concentrated in Quebec. About 80%of Quebec’s people are of French origin. In New Brunswick the French make up- 40% - Other ethnic groups making up the nation include Germans, Ukrainians, Dutch, Scandinavians, Poles. There are also over 20,000 Am. Indians and> than 11,000 Eskimos. -Multiculturalism, which had historically been a marginal feature of culture has today become a central force in Canad. Life -Canadians are extremely courteous and warm-hearted people, often repeating their thanks. Canadians have sought to define themselves by what they are not. Not American. Not British. Not warlike or arrogant, but certainly Canadian.