Davis W.A.Radio frequency circuit design.2001

Radio Frequency Circuit Design. W. Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal

Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Print ISBN 0-471-35052-4 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20068-9

Radio Frequency

Circuit Design

WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING

KAI CHANG, Editor

Texas A&M University

A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.

Radio Frequency

Circuit Design

W. ALAN DAVIS

University of Texas at Arlington

KRISHNA AGARWAL

Raytheon Systems Company

A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / WEINHEIM / BRISBANE / SINGAPORE / TORONTO

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Copyright 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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ISBN 0-471-20068-9.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Davis, W. Alan.

Radio frequency circuit design / W. Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal. p. cm. — (Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering)

Includes index. ISBN 0-471-35052-4

1.Radio circuits — Design and construction. I. Agarwal, Krishna K. (Krishna Kumar) II. Title. III. Series.

TK6560 .D38 2001
621.381’32 — dc21	00-043690

Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedicated to our wives, Margaret Davis, Elisabeth Agarwal and our children:

Brent, Nathan, Janelle Davis Sareeta, Sandeep, Suneet Agarwal

Contents

Preface		xiii
1 Communication Channel		1
1.1	Basic Transmitter–Receiver Configuration	1
1.2	Information and Capacity	3
1.3	Dependent States	6
	Problems	8
	References	8
2 Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors		9
2.1	Introduction	9
2.2	Resistors	9
2.3	Capacitors	14
2.4	Inductors	20
	Problems	31
	References	31
3 Impedance Matching		33
3.1	Introduction	33
3.2	The Q Factor	33
3.3	Resonance and Bandwidth	34
3.4	Unloaded Q	36
3.5	L Circuit Impedance Matching	36
3.6	Transformation Circuit	39
3.7	T Transformation Circuit	41
3.8	Tapped Capacitor Transformer	42
3.9	Parallel Double-Tuned Transformer	45
	Problems	49
	References	50

vii

4 Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines		51
4.1	Voltage–Current Two-Port Parameters	51
4.2	ABCD Parameters	53
4.3	Image Impedance	54
4.4	The Telegrapher’s Equations	59
4.5	The Transmission Line Equation	61
4.6	The Smith Chart	63
4.7	Commonly Used Transmission Lines	65
4.8	Scattering Parameters	74
4.9	The Indefinite Admittance Matrix	78
4.10	The Indefinite Scattering Matrix	80
	Problems	82
	References	82

5 Filter Design and Approximation		84
5.1	Introduction	84
5.2	Ideal and Approximate Filter Types	84
5.3	Transfer Function and Basic Filter Concepts	88
5.4	Ladder Network Filters	89
5.5	The Elliptic Filter	94
5.6	Matching between Unequal Resistances	95
	Problems	104
	References	104

6 Transmission Line Transformers		105
6.1	Introduction	105
6.2	Ideal Transmission Line Transformers	106
6.3	Transmission Line Transformer Synthesis	110
6.4	Electrically Long Transmission Line Transformers	111
6.5	Baluns	115
6.6	Dividers And Combiners	117
	Problems	121
	References	121

7 Class A Amplifiers		122
7.1	Introduction	122
7.2	Definition of Gain [2]	122
7.3	Transducer Power Gain of a Two-Port	123
7.4	Power Gain Using S Parameters	124
7.5	Simultaneous Match for Maximum Power Gain	127
7.6	Stability	129
7.7	Class A Power Amplifiers	139

7.8	Power Combining of Power Amplifiers	141
	Problems	142
	References	143
8 Noise		144
8.1	Sources of Noise	144
8.2	Thermal Noise	145
8.3	Shot Noise	148
8.4	Noise Circuit Analysis	149
8.5	Amplifier Noise Characterization	151
8.6	Noise Measurement	152
8.7	Noisy Two-Ports	153
8.8	Two-Port Noise Figure Derivation	154
8.9	The Fukui Noise Model for Transistors	158
8.10	Properties of Cascaded Amplifiers	161
8.11	Amplifier Design for Optimum Gain and Noise	164
	Problems	166
	References	166
9 RF Power Amplifiers		168
9.1	Transistor Configurations	168
9.2	The Class B Amplifier	169
9.3	The Class C Amplifier	178
9.4	Class C Input Bias Voltage	183
9.5	The Class D Power Amplifier	184
9.6	The Class F Power Amplifier	185
9.7	Feed-Forward Amplifiers	191
	Problems	193
	References	193
10 Oscillators and Harmonic Generators		195
10.1	Oscillator Fundamentals	195
10.2	Feedback Theory	197
10.3	Two-Port Oscillators with External Feedback	197
10.4	Practical Oscillator Example	202
10.5	Minimum Requirements of the Reflection Coefficient	204
10.6	Common Gate (Base) Oscillators	206
10.7	Stability of an Oscillator	210
10.8	Injection-Locked Oscillators	214
10.9	Harmonic Generators	216
	Problems	221
	References	221

11 RF Mixers		222
11.1	Nonlinear Device Characteristics	222
11.2	Figures of Merit for Mixers	226
11.3	Single-Ended Mixers	227
11.4	Single-Balanced Mixers	228
11.5	Double-Balanced Mixers	230
11.6	Double-Balanced Transistor Mixers	235
11.7	Spurious Response	240
11.8	Single-Sideband Noise Figure and Noise Temperature	243
	Problems	246
	References	246

12 Phase Lock Loops		247
12.1	Introduction	247
12.2	PLL Design Background	247
12.3	PLL Applications	248
12.4	PLL Basics	249
12.5	Loop Design Principles	250
12.6	PLL Components	251
12.7	Linear Analysis of the PLL [1]	255
12.8	Locking a Phase Lock Loop	259
12.9	Loop Types	261
12.10	Negative Feedback in a PLL	263
12.11	PLL Design Equations	264
12.12	PLL Oscillators	270
12.13	Phase Detector Types	271
12.14	Design Examples	274
	Problems	277
	References	277

13 Emerging Technology		278
13.1	Introduction	278
13.2	Bandwidth	280
13.3	Spectrum Conservation	280
13.4	Mobility	281
13.5	Wireless Internet Access	282
13.6	Key Technologies	283
	References	284
Appendixes
A. Example of a Solenoid Design		285
B. Analytical Spiral Inductor Model		286

C. Double-Tuned Matching Circuit Example	290
D. Two-Port Parameter Conversion	292
E. Termination of a Transistor Port with a Load	296
F. Transistor and Amplifier Formulas	300
G. Transformed Frequency Domain Measurements
Using Spice	305
H. Single-Tone Intermodulation Distortion
Suppression for Double-Balanced Mixers	319
Index	323