Functions of participle II

FUNCTIONS	CONJUNCTIONS	EXAMPLES
PREDICATIVE		The door was locked. The doll lay deserted on the porch.
PART OF A SIMPLE VERBAL PREDICATE		The door was always locked by Tom. The plant was withered.
ATTRIBUTE		He answered through the locked door. There was no evidence left.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CAUSE		Overcome by grief, he sat speechless.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF TIME	when till until	He spoke when spoken to.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CONDITION	if unless	He didn’t usually utter a word unless spoken to.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CONCESSION	though/although even if/when though even when wherever whether … or	Though addressed to, he sat silent. Whether telecast or not, the game isn’t worth missing.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF COMPARISON	as if/as though	For a moment he stood as if puzzled.

Predicative Constructions with the Participles The Subjective Participial Construction

It is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common Case or a pronoun in the Nominative Case, which is the subject of the sentence. The childrenwere seenrunningto the river.They were heardtalking together.

In this construction the relation between the children/they and running/talking is that of secondary subject and secondary predicate and the whole construction

The children …running, they … talking is the complex subject to the predicate of the sentence were seen/were heard.

It is used:

1. chiefly after verbs of sense perception (in the Passive), both Part.I and Part.II are used: He was heard mentioning the matter. He was seen entering the house. The matter wasn’t heard mentioned.

2. after verbs of mental activity (in the Passive), only Part. II is used: The problem is considered solved.

3. after the verbs to seem, to appear, only Part.II is used: His attention seemed absorbed by the book.

4. after causative verbs, such as to keep, to find, to leave, to catch, etc. (in the Passive), both Part.I and Part.II are used: She was found sitting under a big tree. The door was left locked.

The Objective Participial Construction

It is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common Case or a pronoun in the Objective Case, e.g.: I saw the children/them playingin the garden.

The relation between the noun or pronoun and the participle is that of secondary subject and secondary predicate the children/them playing

The syntactical function of this construction is that of a complex object, e.g.: I never heard him spoken of badly.

It is used:

1.after verbs denotingsense perception:to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to smell,tolook at, to listen to, etc., both Part.I and Part.II are used, e.g.: He looked out of the window and sawclouds gathering.I smellthe pie burning. She heardherself called. He felthimself clutched by the collar.

With verbs denoting sense perception both the Objective Infinitive and the Objective Participial Constructions may be used. The difference between these two constructions is as follows:

a) the infinitivemerely states the fact of an action taking place, e.g.: I saw him walk along the street. -Я бачив, що він пройшов по вулиці.The participle views the action in its progress, e.g.: I saw him walking along the street. -Я дивився, як він йшов по вулиці.

b) if the homogeneous infinitives are used, they denote two actions in succession, e.g.: I heard him leave the room and lock the door. -Я чув, як він вийшов з кімнати та замкнув її.If twoParticiples I arehomogeneous, they suggest two simultaneous actions, e.g.: Soames saw Bosinney watching her and smiling to himself. -Соумс побачив, що Босіні спостерігав за нею та усміхався про себе.

2.after some verbs ofmental activity, such asto consider, to understand, to notice, to observe, to perceive, to discover, etc., both Part.I and Part.II are used, e.g.: I noticedthe sink leaking. She consideredherself engagedto Mr.Johnes.

3.after verbs denotingwish and emotion: to want, to wish, to desire, to prefer, etc., both Part.I and Part.II are used, e. g.: I don’t wantyou talking backto me. They didn’t likeme leavingso early. He prefersyour hair curled. The father desiresit donequickly. I wantmy film developed.

4.after verbs ofdeclaring: to report, to declare, to pronounce, only Part.II is used, e.g.: He reportedthe dog lost. She declaredthe watch stolen.

5.after various verbs ofcausative meaning: to catch, to have, to hold , to find, to get, to keep, to leave, to set , to start,etc., both Part.I and Part.II are used, e.g.: I caughthim stealingmoney. The drill leftthe team exhausted. I won’t haveyou smokingat your age. –Я не допущу ...

6.after the verbsto have, to get.

In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence. - I had the piano tunedmeans I made (asked) someone (to) tune the piano.Only Part.II is used, e. g.: I hadmy coat altered. She hadher blood tested. He hadseveral bottles of wine brought. You can getyour clothes madein Europe. I must getmy shoes cleaned.She hasher dresses madehere.

Sometimes to have, to gethave the meaningto experience, to witness, e.g.: I gotmy window-pane brokenyesterday. He hadhis horse killedunder him in the battle. The wounded man hadhis leg amputated.

In interrogative and negative sentencesthe auxiliary verbto dois used. Why don’t you haveyour hair waved? By whom did you haveyour exercises corrected? Where did you haveyour watch mended? Where do you getyour linen washed?