Manual for Students

340.Self-Concept – your self-image, the view you have of who

you are.

341.Self-Disclosure – the process of revealing something about yourself to another, usually information you might normally keep hidden.

Self-disclose to improve the relationship when it’s appropriate, when there’s an opportunity for open responses, and when you’re willing to risk the burdens that self-disclosure might entail. In responding to self-disclosures, listen actively, support and reinforce the discloser, keep the disclosures confidential, and don’t use the disclosures against the person.

342.Self-Esteem – the value you place on yourself, your selfevaluation; usually refers to a positive self-evaluation. Increase your self-esteem by attacking destructive beliefs, engaging in selfaffirmation, seeking out nourishing people, and working on projects that will result in success.

343.Self-Fulfilling Prophecy – the situation in which making a prediction tends to cause it to come true. For example, expecting a person to be hostile, you act in a hostile manner toward this person, and in doing so elicit hostile behavior from the person – thus confirming your prophecy that the person is hostile. Carefully examine your perceptions when they conform too closely to your expectations; check to make sure that you‘re seeing what exists in real life, not just in your expectations or predictions.

344.Self-Monitoring – manipulation of the image you present to others in interpersonal interactions so as to give the most favorable impression of yourself. To communicate a desired impression, monitor your verbal and non-verbal behavior as appropriate.

345.Self-Serving Bias – a bias that leads you to take credit for the positive consequences of your behaviors and to deny responsibility for the negative consequences. In examining the causes of your own behavior, beware of the tendency to attribute negative behaviors to external factors and positive behaviors to internal factors. In selfexaminations, ask whether and how the self serving bias might be operating.

346.Semantic Networks – associations of related meanings evoked

by words.

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347.Semantics – the study of how meaning is encoded in language, as distinct from what speakers mean to say when they use language.

348.Separation – a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups. Separation may be voluntary, or it may be initiated and enforced by the dominant society, in which case it becomes segregation.

349.Sexist Language – language derogatory to one sex, generally

women.

350.Sexual Harassment – unsolicited and unwanted verbal or non-verbal sexual messages. If confronted with sexual harassment, consider talking to the harasser, collecting evidence, using appropriate channels within the organization, or filing a complaint. Avoid accusations of sexual harassment by beginning with the assumption that others are not interested in sexual advances and stories; listen for negative reactions to any sexually explicit discussions, and refrain from any behaviors you think might prove offensive.

351.Shyness – discomfort and uneasiness in interpersonal

situations.

352.Sign – the relation between a signifier (word or sound) and the signified (image or concept).

353.Signal-to-Noise Ratio – a measure of what is meaningful (signal) to what is interference (noise).

354.Silence – the absence of vocal communication; often misunderstood to refer to the absence of communication. Use silence to communicate feelings or to prevent communication about certain topics. Interpret silences of others in their cultural context.

355.Silencers – a tactic (such as crying) that literally silences your opponent – an unproductive Conflict strategy.

356.Situated Inferences – mental links made by participants in verbal exchanges between the words spoken and the relevant context of situation and context of culture.

357.Social Comparison – the processes by which you compare aspects of yourself (for example, your abilities, opinions, and values) with those of others and then assess and evaluate yourself on the basis of the comparison; one of the sources of Self-Concept.

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358.Social Deixis – process by which language Indexes (1) not only the physical and temporal location of the speaker at the moment of speaking, but also his/her social status and the status given to the addressee.

359.Social Distance – the third farthest distance in Proxemics, ranging from 4 feet to 12 feet; the distance at which business is usually conducted. The feeling a person has that his or her social position is relatively similar to or relatively different from the social position of someone else. The social distance between two different groups or communities influences communication between them, and may affect the way one group learns the L. of another (e.g. an immigrant group learning the L. of the dominant group in a country). Social distance may depend on such factors as differences in the size, ethnic origin, political status, social status of two groups, and has been studied in second language acquisition research.

360.Social Exchange Theory – a theory hypothesizing that you develop profitable relationships (those in which your rewards are greater than your costs) and that you avoid or terminate unprofitable relationships (those in which your costs exceed your rewards).

361.Socialization – the process by which a person internalizes the conventions of behavior imposed by a society or social group. See

Acculturation.

362.Social Penetration Theory – a theory concerned with relationship development from the superficial to the intimate levels (depth) and from few to many areas of interpersonal interaction (breadth).

363.Sociocultural Context – the synchronic (social, societal) and the diachronic (historical) context of language use, also called sociohistorical context.

364.Sound Substitution – replacement of a sound in language B by a sound in language A.

365.Source – any person or thing that creates messages; for example, an individual speaking, writing, or gesturing; or a computer solving a problem.

366.Speech – messages conveyed via a vocal-auditory channel.

367.Speech Community – a social group that shares knowledge of one linguistic code and knowledge also of its patterns of use; cf. Discourse Community.

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368.Spontaneity – the communication pattern in which you say what you’re thinking without attempting to develop strategies for control; encourages Supportiveness. Opposed to Strategy.

369.Sprachbund – a language convergence area and the languages spoken within that area, in which genetic heterogeneity is gradually replaced by typological homogeneity.

370.Standard Language – artificially conventionalized linguistic code, fashioned from a multiplicity of dialects spoken within a national community, and imposed as the national code. See Linguistic Nationism.

371.Static Evaluation – an orientation that fails to recognize that the world is constantly changing; an attitude that sees people and events as fixed rather than as ever changing. To emphasize the likelihood of change, date your statements (mentally or actually).

372.Status – the relative level one occupies in a hierarchy; status always involves a comparison, and thus your status is only relative to the status of another. Significant determinants of social status in the United States, for example, are occupation, financial position, age, and educational level.

373.Stereotype – conventionalized ways of talking and thinking about other people and cultures. See Symbol. In communication, a fixed impression of a group of people through which we then perceive specific individuals; stereotypes are most often negative (Martians are stupid, uneducated, and dirty) but may also be positive (Venusians are scientific, industrious, and helpful). Avoid stereotyping others; instead, see and respond to each individual as a unique individual.

374.Stimulus – any external or internal change that impinges on or arouses an organism.

375.Strategy – the use of some plan for control of other members of a communication interaction that guides your communications; often encourages Defensiveness. Opposed to Spontaneity.

376.Structures of Expectation – mental structures of knowledge that enable us to understand present events and anticipate future ones. See Frame; Schema.

377.Submission Style – a style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which one partner yields to the other partner‘s cultural patterns, abandoning or denying his or her own culture.

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378.Substratum – primary language of a group of speakers who have shifted from speaking their primary language to speaking another, adopted language.

379.Superiority – a point of view or attitude that assumes that others are not equal to yourself; encourages Defensiveness. Opposed to Equality.

380.Superstratum – former language of a group of speakers who have been linguistically absorbed into a population that continues to speak its primary language.

381.Supportiveness – an attitude of an individual or an atmosphere in a group that is characterized by openness, absence of fear, and a genuine feeling of equality. Exhibit supportiveness to others by being descriptive rather than evaluative, spontaneous rather than strategic, and provisional rather than certain. Opposed to Defensiveness.

382.Symbol – conventionalized sign that has been endowed with special meaning by the members of a given culture.

383.Syntactic Interference – carryover of syntactic patterns from languageAinto language B, or interpretation of patterns of language B in terms of patterns of language A.

384.Taboo – forbidden; culturally censored. Taboo language is language that is frowned upon by polite society. Topics and specific words may be considered taboo – for example, death, sex, certain forms of illness and various words denoting sexual activities and excretory functions. Substitute more socially acceptable expressions or euphemisms.

385.Tactile Communication – сommunication by touch; communication received by the skin. Use touch when appropriate to express positive affect, playfulness, control, and ritualistic meanings and to serve task-related functions; but avoid touching that may be unwelcome.

386.Temporal Communication – the messages conveyed by your time orientation and treatment of time.

387.Territoriality – a possessive or ownership reaction to an area of space or to particular objects. Establish and maintain territory nonverbally by marking or otherwise indicating temporary or permanent ownership. Become sensitive to the territorial behavior of others.

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388.Text – the product of language use, whether it be a conversational exchange, or a stretch of written prose, held together by cohesive devices; cf. Discourse.

389.Topic-Centered – characteristic of essay-type writing, where the transmission of a message is of prime importance; cf.

People­Centered.

390.Touch Avoidance – the tendency to avoid touching and being touched by others. Recognize that some people may prefer to avoid touching and being touched. Avoid drawing too many conclusions about people from the way they treat interpersonal touching.

391.Touch. See Tactile Communication.

392.Transactional View – a point of view that sees communication as an ongoing process in which all elements are interdependent and influence one another.

393.Transfer of Rules – application of a rule characteristic of language A in the production of utterances in language B.

394.Uncertainty Avoidance – a cultural variability dimensions that concerns the extent to which uncertainty, ambiguity, and deviant ideas and behaviors are avoided.

395.Uncertainty Reduction – the process of lessening uncertainty in adapting to a new culture by seeking information.

396.Underdifferentiation – failure to distinguish two sounds in the secondary system because their phonetic counterparts are not distinguished in the primary system.

397.Unproductive Conflict Strategies – ways of engaging in conflict that generally prove counterproductive; for example, avoidance, force, blame, silencers, manipulation, personal rejection, and fighting below the belt.

398.Upward Communication – сommunication sent from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels – for example, line worker to manager, faculty member to dean.

399.Value – relative worth of an object; a quality that makes something desirable or undesirable; ideals or customs about which we have emotional responses, whether positive or negative.

400.Verbal Aggressiveness – a method of winning an argument

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by attacking the other person’s self-concept. Avoid inflicting psychological pain on the other person to win an argument.

401.Voice Qualities – aspects of Paralanguage – specifically, pitch range, vocal lip control, glottis control, pitch control, articulation control, rhythm control, resonance, and tempo.

402.Worldview – underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behavior.

403.You-messages – messages in which you deny responsibility for your own thoughts and behaviors; messages that attribute your Perception to another person; messages of blame. Opposed to

I-messages.

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Навчальне видання

СТЕПИКІНАТетянаВолодимирівна МИГОВИЧІринаВікторівна

THEORYOFCOMMUNICATION:

InterdisciplinaryApproach

Навчальний посібник для студентів магістратури

(англійською мовою)

Навчальний посібник є коротким екскурсом до теорії міжмовної та міжкультурної комунікації в сучасному глобалізованому полілінгвокультурному просторі. Представлений у посібнику матеріал викладено з урахуванням принципів системного підходу до вивчення та опису мовних явищ. Перша частина книги відображає теоретичні засади мовної комунікації як порівняно нового напрямку сучасної лінгвістичної науки. Друга частина містить основні положення міжкультурної комунікації як різновиду мовної.

Посібник своїм наповненням відповідає вимогам програми з дисципліни „Мова та міжкультурна комунікація” для студентів магістратури спеціальності „Мова та література (англійська)”. Він може бути використаний викладачами англійської мови вищих і спеціальних середніх навчальних закладів, аспірантами, науковими працівниками та студентами інститутів, університетів та факультетів іноземних мов.

За редакцією авторів Комп’ютерний макет – Н. В. Вакалюк Коректор – І. В. Мигович

Здано до склад. 11.12.2011 р. Підп. до друку 11.01.2012 р. Формат 80х64 1/16. Папір офсет. Гарнітура Times New Roman.

Друк ризографічний. Ум. друк. арк. 26,04. Наклад 150 прим. Зам. № 68.

Видавець

Видавництво Державного закладу „Луганський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка”

вул. Оборонна, 2, м. Луганськ, 91011. Т/ф: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail]

Свідоцтво суб’єкта видавничої справи ДК № 3459 від 09.04.2009 р.

Виготовлювач

ТОВ «Поліграфічний центр «Максим»

вул. Челюскінців, 16-а, м. Луганськ, 91011. Т/ф: 34-40-21

Свідоцтво суб’єкта видавничої справи ДК № 3036 від 17.12.2007 р.

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