Conversion Factors

atmosphere (atm)						=	14.696 Ib (force)/in2, (absolute)
atmosphere (atm)						=	1.013 x 105 Newton/square meter
							(N/m2)
atmosphere (atm)						=	1.013 bar
bar						=	105 pascal
barrel(bbl), 42					U.S.gal.	= 0.159 cubic meter (m3)
barrel/day						= 6.625 x 10-' mYhr
Btu						=	1,055 joule (J)
Btu						= 252.0		calories (cal)
Btu/hr						= 3.93 x 10^ horsepower (hp)
Btu/hr						= 0.252 kcal/hr
Btu/hr						= 0.29307 Watts
Btu/lb						= 0.556 calorie/gram			(cal/g)
Btu/lb						= 2.326 joules/gram			(J/g)
Btu/lb—°F						= 4.186		joules/gram—°C
Btu/lb—°F						=	1.0 calorie/gram—°C
Btu/hr-ft2—°F						= 4.882 kg-cal/hr-m2—°C
egree	Fahrenheit				(°F)	=	1.8 x °C + 32
egree Kelvin (°K)						= °C + 273
egree Rankine (°R)						= 460 + °F
foot	(ft	or	')			=	12 inches (in or ")
foot	(ft	or	')			= 0.3048 meter (m)
gallon		(gal),		U.S.		=	3.785	x liters
gallon (gal),				U.S.		= 3.785		x 10~3cubic meter (m3)
as constant			(°R)			=	10.73 (psia) x (ft3)/(lb-mole) x (°R)
as constant (°R)						= 8314 N/m2 x mVkg-mole x °K
horsepower				(hp)		= 746 watts (W)
inch	(in. or			")		= 2.54 centimeters (cm)
inch (in. or				")		= 0.0254 meter (m)
pound (Ib), weight						= 453.6 grams (g)
Ib/ft2-sec						= 4.8761 kg/m2-sec
lb/ft3						= 0.016 gram/cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
lb/ft!						= 0.016		gram/milliliter (g/ml)
lb/ft'						=	16.018 kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3)

355

Glossary

dvance Process Control (APC) is a mechanism which manipulates regulatory controls toward more optimum unit operation.

fterburn is the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2) in the dilute phase or in the cyclones of the regenerator.

lkylation is one of the refining processes in which light olefin molecules are reacted with isobutane (in the presence of either sulfuric or hydrofluoric acid) to produce a "desirable" gasoline component called alkylate.

merican Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) is the organization that develops analytical tests and procedures to facilitate commerce.

niline Point is the minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the hydrocarbon sample. In cat cracking, aniline solution is used to determine aromaticity of FCC feedstocks. Aromaticity increases with reducing aniline point.

nti-dumping is a federal requirement to prevent refiners from blending the "good" gasoline components in "reformulated gasoline" and the "bad" components in conventional gasoline.

ntimony is a metal, in either hydrocarbon or aqueous solution, commonly injected into the fresh feed to passivate nickel.

API Gravity is an "artificial" scale of liquid gravity defined by: (141.5/SG) - 131.5. The scale was developed for water = 10. The main advantage of using °API gravity is that it magnifies small changes in liquid density.

pparent Bulk Density (ABD) is the density of catalyst as measured, "loosely compacted" in a specified container.

verage Particle Size (APS) is the weighted average diameter of a catalyst.

ack-Mixing is the phenomena by which the catalyst travels more slowly up the riser than the hydrocarbon vapors.

asic Nitrogen is the nitrogen compounds in the FCC feed that react with the catalyst acid sites, thereby reducing the catalyst's activity and selectivity.

eta-Scission is splitting of the C-C bond two bonds away from the positively charged carbon atom.

357

62 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook

oda Y Zeolite is a "crystallized" form of Y-faujasite before any Ion exchanges occur.

pent Catalyst is the coke-laden catalyst in the stripper.

tandpipe is a means of conveying the catalyst between reactor and regenerator,

tick-Slip Flow is erratic circulation caused when the catalyst packs and bridges across the standpipe.

rue Boiling Point (TBP) is the distillation separation which has characteristics of 15 different theoretical plates at 5 to 1 reflux ratio.

ltra Stable Y is a hydrothermally treated Y-faujasite which has a unit cell size at or below 24.50 °A and exhibits superior hydrothermal stability over Soda Y faujasite.

nit Cell Size (UCS) is an indirect measure of active sites and SAR in the zeolite-

eolite is a synthetic crystalline alumina-silicate material used in the manufacturing of FCC catalyst.