- •Foreword
- •Contents
- •Morphology the noun
- •The Category of Number
- •Invariable Nouns
- •The Genitive Case
- •Types of the Genitive Case
- •The article
- •Functions of the Article
- •The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
- •The Use of Articles with Material Nouns
- •The Use of Articles with Predicative Nouns and Nouns in Apposition
- •The Use of Articles in Some Set Expressions Nouns in set expressions used with the indefinite article
- •Nouns in set expressions used with the definite article
- •Nouns in set expressions used without an article
- •The Use of Articles with Some Semantic Groups of Nouns Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
- •Articles with Names of Meals
- •Articles with the Nouns school, college, prison, jail, church, hospital
- •Articles with Names of Parts of the Body
- •Articles with Names of Specific Periods
- •The Use of Articles with Proper Names
- •Names of Persons
- •Geographical Names
- •Calendar Items
- •Miscellaneous Proper Names
- •The adjective
- •Morphological Composition
- •Semantic Characteristics
- •Descriptive adjective Limiting adjective
- •The Position of Adjectives
- •Degrees of Comparison
- •Patterns of Comparison
- •Intensifiers of Adjectives
- •Substantivized Adjectives
- •Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Oblique moods
- •Temporal Relations within the Oblique Moods
- •Subjunctive II
- •A. Simple Sentence
- •B. Complex Sentence
- •The Conditional Mood
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive I
- •Syntax the sentence
- •Sentence
- •The Simple Sentence. Structural Types
- •Communicative Types of Sentences
- •Interrogative sentences
- •Imperative sentences
- •The subject
- •Ways of expressing the Subject
- •Structural Types of the Subject
- •“It” and “there” as Subjects notional “it”
- •Formal subjects ‘’it” and “there”
- •The predicate
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject Grammatical Agreement
- •Pronouns as Subjects
- •Agreement with Homogeneous Subjects
- •Notional Agreement
- •The object
- •Types of Objects
- •Structure and Ways of Expressing
- •Predicative Constructions that Function as Objects
- •The attribute
- •The apposition
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Structural Types of the Adverbial Modifier
- •Semantic Characteristics of the Adverbial Modifier
- •Absolute nominative constructions
- •Non-prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •The composite sentence
- •The Compound Sentence
- •The Complex Sentence
- •Nominal Clauses
- •Attributive Clauses
- •Adverbial Clauses
- •2. Adverbial clauses of place
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •List of Books
Foreword
The book is mainly written as a self-study book, but may also be used in class with a teacher. It revises some of the most difficult points of grammar that third-year students have already studied; it will also introduce them to many more features of English grammar appropriate to an advanced level of study.
The book consists of two parts: Morphology and Syntax. There are 15 large units in the book. Each one covers a particular area of grammar and contains some smaller units, helping to present the information in a systematized way. The book concentrates on the areas students need to pass the exams and gives thorough explanations of them. Special attention is given to those points which are often a problem for students: Noun, Articles, Adjective, Adverb, Oblique Moods, Subject-Predicate Agreement, Simple and Composite Sentences, Predicative Сomplexes.
The main aims of the book are as follows:
to help the students improve their knowledge of English grammar so that they could use English at a near-native level of grammatical competence;
to raise their awareness of how the English language works and to be able to speak on the use of grammar structures in English using appropriate examples;
to raise the students’ awareness of the creative use of grammar;
to ensure the students that they can communicate efficiently with a number of grammar patterns they learn;
to develop the students’ ability to translate from Russian/Belarusian into English using appropriate grammar structures.
All the grammar rules are lavishly supplied with explanations and examples.
The book is supplied with the glossary (p. 122), where there are all the linguistic terms and their Russian equivalents.
Contents
MORPHOLOGY
THE NOUN 6
The Category of Number 8
The Genitive Case 12
Types of the Genitive Case 13
THE ARTICLE 16
Functions of the Article 17
The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns 21
The Use of Articles with Material Nouns 24
The Use of Articles with Predicative Nouns and Nouns in Apposition 26
The Use of Articles in Some Set Expressions 28
The Use of Articles with Some Semantic Groups of Nouns 30
Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day 30
Articles with Names of Meals 31
Articles with the Nouns school, college, prison, jail, church, hospital 32
Articles with Names of Parts of the Body 33
Articles with Names of Specific Periods 33
The Use of Articles with Proper Names 34
Names of Persons 34
Geographical Names 36
Calendar Items 37
Miscellaneous Proper Names 38
THE ADJECTIVE 40
Morphological Composition 40
Semantic Characteristics 41
The Position of Adjectives 42
Degrees of Comparison 43
Patterns of Comparison 44
Intensifiers of Adjectives 47
Substantivized Adjectives 48
Adjectives and Adverbs 50
OBLIQUE MOODS 53
Temporal Relations within the Oblique Moods 55
Subjunctive II 56
The Conditional Mood 59
The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive I 61
THE SENTENCE 68
The Simple Sentence. Structural Types 69
Communicative Types of Sentences 70
THE SUBJECT 76
Ways of expressing the Subject 76
Structural Types of the Subject 77
“IT” and “THERE” as Subjects 79
THE PREDICATE 81
AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE WITH THE SUBJECT 86
Grammatical Agreement 86
Pronouns as Subjects 87
Agreement with Homogeneous Subjects 88
Notional Agreement 89
THE OBJECT 92
Types of Objects 92
Structure and Ways of Expressing 95
Predicative Constructions that Function as Objects 95
THE ATTRIBUTE 97
THE APPOSITION 100
THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER 101
Structural Types of the Adverbial Modifier 102
Semantic Characteristics of the Adverbial Modifier 103
ABSOLUTE NOMINATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 105
THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE 108
The Compound Sentence 108
The Complex Sentence 111
Nominal Clauses 112
Attributive Clauses 113
Adverbial Clauses 115
WORD ORDER 118
Glossary of Linguistic Terms 121
List of Books 124
Who climbs the grammar tree distinctly knows
Where noun and verb and participle grows
Dryden