Modal Verb "Should"

Exercise 20, p. 278: Study the following chart. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Meaning	With a Non-Perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech
Moral obligation, advice, disapproval	You should work harder.
	The work should be done at once.
	You should be more careful next time.
	He should stop smoking.
	He said that I should thank her.
	You shouldn’t laugh at his mistake.
Meaning	With a Perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
Criticism of a past action (disapproval, reproach, regret)	You should have told him the whole truth. (But you didn’t).
	She should have been told the truth. (She wasn’t).
	I should have sent the telegram at once. (I didn’t. I am sorry).
	You shouldn’t have mentioned the fact in her presence. (But you did).
	I said that she shouldn’t have let him go so early. (But she had and it was wrong).

Exercise. 21, p. 279: Express advice, disapproval or reproach about the following statements, using “should”:

Model 1: (a) He smokes too much. He shouldn’t smoke so much.

(b) She doesn’t work hard enough. She should work harder.

1.You don’t eat properly. 2. She often shouts at people for no reason at all. 3. I see you are not ashamed of what you have said. 4. They often quarrel about little things. 5. He doesn’t know how to behave. 6. You cross the streets very carelessly. 7. The letter is not written yet. 8. He drives very fast.

Model 2: (a) He didn’t take part in the discussion.

He should have taken part in the discussion.

(b) She allowed him to go out too early after his illness.

She shouldn’t have allowed him to go out so early after his illness.

1.She didn’t follow the doctor’s advice. 2. We came to the party without an invitation. 3. He upset her by his bad behaviour. 4. They didn’t allow her to go on the excursion. She was so eager to go. 5. They smoked in class. 6. I missed this wonderful chance. 7. He didn’t win first place. He had not trained hard enough. 8. We didn’t let him make another attempt. 9. She went there alone.

Exercise. 22, p. 279: Complete the situations, Expressing advice, reproach, regret by using ‘should’, mind the form of the infinitive.

1.I didn’t know it would rain. (take an umbrella). 2. You can’t afford to make such a mistake again. (be careful next time). 3. Her advice was reasonable. (follow). 4. You are very tired. (have a rest). 5. Where is Mary? (be back long ago). 6. It seems that he forgot all about his promise. (remind about it). 7. I didn’t know the museum was such a long way from here. (take a taxi). 8. They lost their way. (not turn to the left; go straight). 9. It’s going to be a long trip (take sth to eat on the train). 10. Where is the doctor? (send for immediately). 11. He often misses lectures and lessons. (attend regularly). 12. She forgot what she wanted to say (not interrupt).

Exercise. 23, p. 279: Translate the following sentences, using ‘should’, mind the form of the infinitive:

1. Вам надо было сдавать экзамены со всеми остальными студентами. 2. Мне не следовало упускать случай поговорить с ним об этом деле. 3. Этот вопрос надо поднять на следующем заседании. 4. Не надо портить глаза. Зажги свет. 5. Ему следует держать все вещи в порядке и на своих местах, тогда ему не придется искать каждый пустяк. 6. Вы должны были закончить эту работу давно. Вы уже, по-моему, работаете над этой проблемой год. 7. Он сказал, что ей следует прислушаться к голосу разума. 8. Напрасно вы не предупредили ее об изменении в расписании. 9. Они сказали, что вам следовало приехать хотя бы на день раньше.

Modal Verb “Need”:

Exercise. 24, p. 280: Study the following chart:

Meaning	With a non-perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech)
Absence of necessity	You needn’t hurry. (There is no need for you to hurry).
	He needn’t speak so loud (Everybody can hear him).
	She said that I needn’t go there.
	With a perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
	You needn’t have come so early. (There was no need for him to come so early, but he did come). She needn’t have translated the article. (But she did translate it). He said that I needn’t have gone there. (But I had gone there).

Exercise 25, 280: Paraphrase the following sentences, using 'need'.

1.It's not necessary for you to leave so early. 2. It is not necessary for you to repeat it so many times. 3. Why are you talking in a whisper? Nobody is sleeping. 4. It wasn't necessary for you to trouble him. They were quite able to do the work without him. 5. Why did you raise this question again? It had been settled. 6. It wasn't necessary for you to buy a new coat this year. 7. She got worried quite unnecessarily. 8. It was a waste of time to talk to him on the subject.

Exercise 26, p. 280: Translate the following sentences into English, using 'need'.

1.Нам не нужно брать такси. Вокзал недалеко отсюда. 2. Ей не нужно было садиться на восьмичасовой поезд. Она стояла всю дорогу. 3. Вам не нужно звонить ей. Она уже пришла. 4. Не удивительно, что вы заблудились. Вам не нужно было переходить железную дорогу. Деревня на этой стороне. 5. Ей незачем напоминать о том, что ей нужно делать. Она сама всё помнит. 6. Вы можете не есть суп, если не хотите. 7. Вам не нужно было давать им никаких обещаний. 8. Он сказал, что ей незачем было волноваться. 9. Он сказал, что мне можно не возвращать книги в понедельник.

Ехercise 27, p. 280: Compare the meaning of 'should' and 'have to'; 'should' and 'must’; 'should' and 'need’. Translate the sentences into Russian.

(A) 1. (i) She has to get up very early. Her office is a long way from here. (ii) She should get up very early, then she won't be late again. 2. (i) She doesn't have to make her son read. He is fond of reading. (ii) She shouldn't make her son read much, his eyes are very weak. 3. (i) It was so noisy in the hall. He had to shout to be heard. (ii) They didn't hear him. He should have shouted to be heard. 4. (i) He didn't have to remind her of her promise. She was as good as her word. (ii) He shouldn't have reminded her of her promise. She was hurt.

(B) 1. (i) You must see the doctor. (ii) You should see the doctor. 2. (i) You mustn't smoke. (ii) You shouldn't smoke. 3. (i) You needn't go to her. You can phone her. (ii) You shouldn't go to her. She is too ill to see anybody. 4. (i) You needn't have warned her about the danger. She knew about it better than anybody else. (ii) You shouldn't have warned her about the danger. You've frightened her.

Exercise 28, p. 281: Insert 'had to', 'didn't have to' or 'should + perfect inf.' or 'shouldn't +perfect inf.' according to the sense.

1.You — (wake) me up. Why did you? You know, I don't have to go to the office today. 2. I — (wake) him up because I was afraid he would be late again. 3. He — (wait) for the next train long and arrived in time for the plane. 4. He — (take) an early train not to miss the plane. He has lost a whole day for nothing. 5. We — (wait) for her, because she never came at all. 6. I — (tell) him about it personally, I wrote him a letter. 7. You — (say) anything, nobody asked you. Now you've ru­ined our plan. 8. She — (stay) at the hotel until she received the money from home. 9. She — (stay) at the hotel another day. Why did she break the arrangement? 10. They — (argue), they came to an agreement almost at once.

Exercise 29, p. 281: Translate the following sentences, using 'should', 'have to’ and 'need’ according to the sense.

1. Вам не было необходимости ехать за билетами на вокзал. Их надо было заказать по телефону. 2. Раньше ему приходилось делать пересадку два раза, когда он ехал в институт. 3. Тебе не надо было делать пересадку. Восьмой автобус идет прямо до моего дома. 4. Вам незачем было ехать туда одной. 5. Мне следовало пригласить его тоже. 6. Нам не приходится решать такие вопросы. 7. Он сказал, что мне тоже следовало принять участие в работе клуба. 8. Она сказала, мне следует позвонить ему. 9. Они сказали, что нам не нужно платить за билеты. Они бесплатные. 10. Я должен был вернуться до их возвращения, поэтому я вышел раньше. 11. Вам незачем идти на шестой этаж пешком. В доме есть лифт. 12. Не следует расстраивать его из-за таких пустяков. 13. Вам придется согласиться с нашим планом. 14. После такой напряженной работы вам следует хорошо отдохнуть.

Exercise 37, p. 284: Fill in the blanks with 'be to', ‘have to’, 'should', 'could’, 'need' with the correct form of the Infinitive given in brackets.

Helena — (lunch) with her father, who was arriving on a sleeper from Cleveland in the morning; they — (go) shopping together for her mother's anniversary present. She — (meet) him at the Savoy plaza hotel where he kept a bedroom and sitting room for the times when he came to New York on business.

So when the telephone rang in the morning, Helena thought it was her father, but it was Nora declaring that she — (see) Helena right away. Helena felt that Nora wanted to speak about her ugly behaviour at the party the night before when Helena had caught her kissing Kay's husband. Helena — (not discuss) the matter on the telephone. She knew that Nora was worried, but said Nora — (not worry), she wouldn't breathe a word to a soul.

Nora suggested that Helena — (come) round to her place and Helena found herself agreeing. Her father was surprised when she said she__ (not meet) him for lunch as she — (see) a friend. He said reproachfully she — (refuse). He — (not see) what was so urgent that it — (not wait) till afternoon. Helena was unable to see herself why Nora — (not meet her the next day. But when Helena suggested this, there was a silence on the other end of the wire and Nora said: "Never mind, forget it, I___ (guess) that you wouldn't want to see me," which made Helena say it wasn't true and promise to come at once. The moment she put down the receiver she felt she — (agree). She wasn't looking forward to the interview.

(After "The Group" by Mary McCarthy)

1 In the principal clause of a complex sentence with an adverbial clause of time introduced by “before” both the Past Indefinite and Past Perfect are possible, eg “The family lived (had lived) in Kiev before the war broke out”.

1 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used sometimes to denote an activity in its progress immediately preceding the moment of speech and serving at the same time as an explanation of or excuse for something.

1 The Y.M.C.A.: The Young Men’s Christian Association.

2 Mass: Massachusetts

1 Calisthenics: вольные упрфжнения

1 With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, i.e. when the direct object becomes the subject of the Passive Construction, eg: “The old house was sold to them very cheap.

2 These verbs are used in the Passive Voice on the pattern of group (b). The verbs introduced, declare, deliver, present, recommend, prove, point out also belong here. The second passive construction is not used with these verbs. Eg. The rule was explained to me.

3 With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, i.e. when the direct object denoting a person becomes the subject of the passive construction, Eg “He was asked a lot of questions.”

1 magnifying glass: увеличительное стекло; лупа

1 The construction “I have my job to think about” is more emphatic than “I must think about my job”.

1 Note the correlation: too clever to do something; clever enough to do something; only to see something once to remember.

1 after the verbs see, hear, feel a subordinate clause, not a complex object, is used if they denote mental perception, eg ‘I saw that he didn’t believe me.”

1 Such verbs, as like, hate, find, think, allow, get, tell, can also be used on the same pattern,

eg “I hate you to take my books without letting me know”.

1 Note that in modern English "may" and "can" are often interchangeable. "Can I wait for him here?" is also correct.

1 in colloquial speech “have got to” is used for “have to”, eg “At what time have you got to be there?” “I’ve got to be there by ten o’ clock”.

1 “Be able” or “manage” is used sometimes in place of “could” to show that the effect was achieved: eg “He felt better in the morning, he was able (managed) to finish the work in time.”