- •1.Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Infinitive.
- •2. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of Participle 1&2.
- •Voice peculiarities of p2.
- •3. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Gerund.
- •4. Verbals as a Subject and Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate.
- •Inf. As a Subject.
- •Inf. As a Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate.
- •5. Verbals as a Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate.
- •Infinitive:
- •6. Verbals as an Object.
- •Infinitive:
- •7. The Infinitive & the Gerund as an Attribute.
- •8. Participle 1 & Participle 2 as an Attribute.
- •9. Verbals as am of Time & Cause.
- •10. Verbals as am of Attendant Circumstances, Manner, Purpose and Comparison
- •11. Speak on verbals as Parenthesis, Adverbial Modifiers of Result, Concession and Condition
- •12. Speak on the For-to-Infinitive Construction and the Predicative Constructions with the Gerund and their syntactic functions.
- •13. Speak on the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction and its syntactic function.
- •14. Speak on the Subjective Infinitive Construction and the Subjective Participial Construction and their syntactic function.
- •15. Speak on the Objective Participial (with Participle 1 and Participle 2 Construction and its syntactic function.
- •16. Speak on the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction and their syntactic functions.
- •17. Speak on the differences between the Gerund and the Infinitive after the verbs taking both the verbals.
- •18. Speak on the differences between the Gerund and Participle 1.
- •19. Speak on the differences between the Gerund and the Verbal noun.
2. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of Participle 1&2.
Participle 1 is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival & adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix –ing to the stem of the verb.
P2 is a non-finite form of the verb with verbal & adjectival features. It possesses the potential verbal meaning of voice, aspect & correlation, which depend upon the meaning of the verb it is performed from & which are realized in the context. The verbal character of P2 is manifested in its combinability.
The verbal character of P1 is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and correlation and syntactically in its combinability. Thus, it may combine with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object. It may also combine with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an AM, or with a noun or adjective as a predicative.
The category of correlation.
The category of correlation in P1 finds it expression in the contrast of the non-perfect & perfect forms.
The non-perfect form suggests that the action denoted by P1 is simultaneous with that of the finite verb. Thus the time-reference of the action expressed by P1 can be understood only from the context.
Ex.: Learning foreign languages… u know your native tongue better/ I used to begin my day with repeating new words/ u will learn a lot about your native tongue.
The perfect form of P1 indicates that the action denoted by the P is prior to that denoted by the finite verb.
Ex.: Having learnt the English…I will start upon French/ our students start upon French or German/ we started upon French.
Non-perfect P1 regularly expresses immediate priority & denotes an instantaneous action if it is performed from terminative verbs, such as verbs of motion (come, enter, arrive, leave), of sense perception (see, hear, find) & verbs of certain specific actions associated with motion (put, put on, take, take off, open).
Ex.: Arriving at the station, he found his train gone.
Non-perfect P1 denoting a prior action usually precedes the predicate verb. When it denotes a posterior action, it stands always after predicate verb.
The category of voice.
P1 of transitive verbs, both of non-perfect & perfect, has voice distinctions, which are realized in the contrast of active & passive forms.
P1 active denotes an action directed from the subject. P1 passive denotes an action directed towards the subject.
The subject as the carrier of the action may coincide with the subject of the sentence: Ex.: Do u know the students translating the text?
It may also be the noun modified by P1 used attributively, in whatever function the noun is used.
The subject may be contained in the nominal element of a predicative construction. Ex.: I heard someone mentioning your name.
Syntactical functions of P1.
P1 performs the syntactical functions characteristics of the adjective & the adverb, & can therefore be used as attribute, predicative, part of a predicative construction or as AM. It may be used alone (a) or as headword of a participial phrase (b).
He drank his coffee standing.
There are some other people waiting for u.