- •1.Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Infinitive.
- •2. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of Participle 1&2.
- •Voice peculiarities of p2.
- •3. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Gerund.
- •4. Verbals as a Subject and Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate.
- •Inf. As a Subject.
- •Inf. As a Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate.
- •5. Verbals as a Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate.
- •Infinitive:
- •6. Verbals as an Object.
- •Infinitive:
- •7. The Infinitive & the Gerund as an Attribute.
- •8. Participle 1 & Participle 2 as an Attribute.
- •9. Verbals as am of Time & Cause.
- •10. Verbals as am of Attendant Circumstances, Manner, Purpose and Comparison
- •11. Speak on verbals as Parenthesis, Adverbial Modifiers of Result, Concession and Condition
- •12. Speak on the For-to-Infinitive Construction and the Predicative Constructions with the Gerund and their syntactic functions.
- •13. Speak on the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction and its syntactic function.
- •14. Speak on the Subjective Infinitive Construction and the Subjective Participial Construction and their syntactic function.
- •15. Speak on the Objective Participial (with Participle 1 and Participle 2 Construction and its syntactic function.
- •16. Speak on the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction and their syntactic functions.
- •17. Speak on the differences between the Gerund and the Infinitive after the verbs taking both the verbals.
- •18. Speak on the differences between the Gerund and Participle 1.
- •19. Speak on the differences between the Gerund and the Verbal noun.
Voice peculiarities of p2.
P2 of transitive verbs, when it is not a part of a perfect form, is always passive in meaning.
The passive meaning of P2 may be of 3 types: 1) denoting an action directed towards the subj. as the carrier of the action. (I won’t have my friend laughed at.) 2) denoting a state, which is a result of the action. (The problem is solved. The doctor is shut.) 3) denoting a pure state. (I felt annoyed when he refused to help me.)
P2 of intransitive verbs is always active in meaning. The use of the active P is restricted. Only P2 of verbs denoting motion or change of state can be used independently, mostly as attributes. (arrive, fall, go, rise, depart)
The Aspectual meaning of P2 & Correlation.
The original aspectual meaning of P2 is perfectivity. It is evident in terminative verbs & verbs of doubt aspectual meaning.
In transitive terminative verbs the passive meaning of P2 is combined with perfectivity. Thus P2 can be opposed to P1 in their aspectual meanings of perfectivity/imperfectivity: taking-taken (берущий-взятый).
The original meaning may be modified by the context.
Syntactical functions of P2.
As part of the sentence P2 may stand alone or be the headword of a participial phrase. It may function as an attribute (close or detached), predicative or as an AM.
3. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Gerund.
The G is a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features. It is formed by adding the suffix –ing to the stem of the verb.
The verbal character of G is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and correlation and syntactically in its combinability. Thus, it may combine with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object, depending on the verb from which it is formed. It may also combine with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an AM, or with a noun or adjective as a predicative.
The category of correlation.
The category of correlation in P1 finds it expression in the contrast of the non-perfect & perfect forms.
The indefinite G denotes an action simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb. Ex.: I improve/ I improved/ I will improve my pronunciation… by listening to tape recordings.
The perfect G denotes an action prior to the action denoted by thr finite verb. Ex.: I regret/ I regretted/ I will always regret… having uttered these words.
The non-perfect G is more flexible in meaning and may easily be modified by the context.
The common G is generally used after verbs of recollection, gratitude, blame, reproach, punishment & reward. Ex.: I will never forget taking this exam. Thank u for helping me.
The non-perfect G is to be found in gerundial phrases introduced by the prepositions on and after. Ex.: On reaching the end of the street we turned towards the river.
The non-perfect G expresses a succeeding action after verbs, adjectives & prepositions implying reference to a future event (intend, insist, object, suggest) & after the preposition before: Ex.: I insist on your staying with us. Ann suggested going to the cinema.
The category of voice.
The active G points out that the action is directed from the subject, the passive G indicates that the action is directed towards the subject:
Ex.: I hate interrupting people. - I hate being interrupted.
The perfect passive G is very rarely used.
There are some verbs (need, want, require, deserve) & the adjective worth which are followed by an active G with passive meaning. (Your hair needs cutting. This house wants painting.)
Syntactical functions of the Gerund.
The G can perform any syntactical function performed by a noun. It may function (a) alone, without modifiers, or (b) as the headword of a gerundial phrase, or (c) as part of a gerundial predicative construction. Ex.: a) I like driving. b) I like playing the piano. c) I like Ann’s playing the piano.